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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2018 Aug 16;178(3):309–320. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31637

Table 2.

Examples of the range of reported rates of behavioural difficulties in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (and sample characteristics)

Behaviour Rate estimate
Lower Higher
Depressed mood 19% (adults, able to self-report) (Lewis, Thomas, Murphy, & Sampson, 2004) 43 % (adults, able to self-report) (Pulsifer, Winterkorn, & Thiele, 2007)
Anxiety 41% (adults, able to self-report) (Pulsifer et al., 2007) 56% (adults, able to self-report) (Lewis et al., 2004)
Self-injury 17% (children and adolescents, no ID) (de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007) 69% (children and adolescents, severe-profound ID) (de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007)
Aggressive outbursts 37% (adults, ID)(Wilde et al., 2017) 66% (children and adolescents, mild-moderate ID) (de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007)
Temper tantrums 47% (children and adolescents, no ID) (de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007) 70% (children and adolescents, mild-moderate ID) (de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007)
Poor eye contact 23% (children and adolescents, no ID) (de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007) 71% (children and adolescents, severe-profound ID) (de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007)
Repetitive and ritualistic behaviours 20% (children and adolescents, no ID) (de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007) 83% (children and adolescents, severe-profound ID) (de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007)
Speech and language delay 32% (children and adolescents, no ID)(de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007) 86% (children and adolescents, severe-profound ID) (de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007)
Overactivity/hyperactivity 22% (adults, ID) (Hunt, 1998) 73% (children and adolescents, severe-profound ID) (de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007)
Impulsivity 36% (children and adolescents, no ID) (de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007) 62% (children and adolescents, severe-profound ID) (de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007)
Sleep difficulties 15% (children and adolescents, ID and no ID) (Trickett, Heald, Oliver, & Richards, 2018) 74% (children and adolescents, severe-profound ID) (de Vries, Hunt, & Bolton, 2007)

ID = Intellectual Disability