Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of ART-experienced patients in care in 2016, and odds ratios of HIV drug resistance with 95% confidence intervals.
| Number of Resistant Drug Classes |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | N (%) or median (IQR) |
1 or more (N = 584) | 2 or more (N = 339) | 3 or more (N = 163) | |||
| OR (95% CI)a | P | OR (95% CI)a | P | OR (95% CI)a | P | ||
| Total | 1,553 (100%) | ||||||
| Sexual risk factor | |||||||
| Heterosexual male | 368 (24%) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | |||
| Female | 448 (29%) | 0.98 (0.73, 1.31) | 0.89 | 0.88 (0.63, 1.24) | 0.47 | 1.04 (0.65, 1.68) | 0.86 |
| MSM | 737 (47%) | 0.77 (0.59, 1.00) | <0.05 | 0.71 (0.51, 0.97) | <0.05 | 0.78 (0.50, 1.24) | 0.29 |
| IDUb | 128 (8%) | 1.29 (0.88, 1.88) | 0.19 | 1.39 (0.89, 2.16) | 0.15 | 1.49 (0.80, 2.78) | 0.21 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| White | 498 (32%) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | |||
| African American | 916 (59%) | 1.11 (0.88, 1.41) | 0.37 | 1.13 (0.85, 1.50) | 0.39 | 1.25 (0.82, 1.89) | 0.30 |
| Hispanic or other | 139 (9%) | 1.15 (0.77, 1.72) | 0.49 | 0.97 (0.59, 1.60) | 0.91 | 0.56 (0.22, 1.46) | 0.24 |
| Initial ART regimen | |||||||
| NRTI-only | 331 (21%) | 4.26 (3.12, 5.81) | <0.01 | 5.87 (4.03, 8.54) | <0.01 | 5.95 (3.46, 10.21) | <0.01 |
| Ritonavir-boosted PI | 238 (15%) | 1.46 (1.02, 2.08) | <0.05 | 1.28 (0.78, 2.09) | 0.33 | 1.15 (0.53, 2.50) | 0.73 |
| Unboosted PI | 150 (10%) | 4.32 (2.89, 6.47) | <0.01 | 5.37 (3.38, 8.53) | <0.01 | 5.49 (2.87, 10.51) | <0.01 |
| NNRTI | 473 (30%) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | |||
| INSTI | 227 (15%) | 0.62 (0.41, 0.93) | <0.05 | 0.25 (0.10, 0.59) | <0.01 | 0.12 (0.02, 0.88) | <0.05 |
| Other | 134 (9%) | 1.98 (1.31, 2.99) | <0.01 | 2.52 (1.53, 4.16) | <0.01 | 3.05 (1.49, 6.24) | <0.01 |
| Exposure to >8 ARVs | 470 (30%) | 8.44 (6.52, 10.92) | <0.01 | 16.15 (11.74, 22.22) | <0.01 | 26.58 (14.32, 49.34) | <0.01 |
| Detectable HIV viral loadc | 155 (10%) | 4.31 (2.88, 6.45) | <0.01 | 3.58 (2.43, 5.27) | <0.01 | 3.66 (2.30, 5.83) | <0.01 |
| Year of ART start, per 1-year increase | 2005 (1998, 2011) | 0.90 (0.88, 0.91) | <0.01 | 0.86 (0.84, 0.88) | <0.01 | 0.85 (0.83, 0.88) | <0.01 |
| Age at ART start, per 10-year increase | 35 (28, 44) | 0.76 (0.68, 0.84) | <0.01 | 0.70 (0.62, 0.80) | <0.01 | 0.71 (0.59, 0.86) | <0.01 |
| Nadir CD4 count, per 100-cell increase | 188 (50, 351) | 0.74 (0.69, 0.79) | <0.01 | 0.64 (0.59, 0.70) | <0.01 | 0.55 (0.47, 0.64) | <0.01 |
| Agec, per 10-year increase | 50 (40, 57) | 1.15 (1.06, 1.26) | <0.01 | 1.28 (1.15, 1.42) | <0.01 | 1.34 (1.14, 1.58) | <0.01 |
| CD4 countc, per 100-cell increase | 614 (406, 847) | 0.90 (0.86, 0.93) | <0.01 | 0.86 (0.82, 0.90) | <0.01 | 0.83 (0.78, 0.89) | <0.01 |
Abbreviations. ART: antiretroviral therapy. ARV: antiretrovirals. CI: confidence interval. IDU: injection drug use. INSTI: integrase strand transfer inhibitor. IQR: interquartile range. MSM: men who have sex with men. NNRTI: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. NRTI: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. OR: odds ratio. PI: protease inhibitor.
Estimates, 95% confidence intervals, and P values from logistic regression models with cumulative logits and unequal slopes (i.e. ordinal logistic regression). Each model includes one characteristic.
IDU identified as a risk factor for HIV acquisition.
Measured in 2016.