Table I.
Studies showing association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and subclinical atherosclerosis
| Author | Year | Country | Study design | Subjects | Vascular phenotype | OR (95% CI) or p-value | Results significant after regression analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Santos [60] | 2007 | Brazil | Cross-sectional analysis | 505 | CAC | 1.49 (1.00–2.21) | Yes |
| Sung [59] | 2012 | South Korea | Cross-sectonal analysis | 10,153 | CAC | 1.21 (1.01–1.45) | Yes |
| Vanwagner [61] | 2014 | USA | Cross-sectional analysis | 2424 | CAC AAC |
CAC: 1.72 (1.29–2.28) AAC: 1.85 (1.40–2.46) |
CAC: No AAC: No |
| Rifai [62] | 2015 | USA | Cross-sectional analysis | 3976 | CAC Inflam-mation (hsCRP) |
CAC: 1.63 (1.34–1.98) hsCRP: 2.22 (1.85–2.67) |
CAC: Yes hsCRP: Yes |
| Thakur [64] | 2012 | India | Cross-sectional analysis | 80 | CIMT | Average CIMT: 4.8 (1.8–12.8) Maximum CIMT: 5.4 (2.0–14.4) FMD: 11.7 (1.4–96.5) | Yes |
| Targher [65] | 2005 | Italy | Case-control study | 90 | CIMT | CIMT values: 1.10 ±0.20 vs. 0.84 ±0.13 (p < 0.001) | Yes |
| Huang [66] | 2011 | China | Cross-sectional analysis | 8632 | CIMT baPWV |
CIMT: 1.48 (1.17–1.86) baPWV: 1.50 (1.29–1.75) |
CIMT: Yes baPWV: Yes |
| Kim [70] | 2009 | South Korea | Cross-sectional analysis | 1021 | CIMT | 2.32 (1.65–3.27) | Yes |
| Wang [69] | 2009 | Taiwan | Prospective cohort study | 169 | CIMT | ALT (every 10 IU/l increment) 1.44 (1.09–1.89) | Yes |
| Agarwal [68] | 2011 | India | Prospective cohort study | 124 | CIMT | Mean CIMT 0.71 ±0.19 mm vs. 0.67 ±0.22, p = 0.213 | Yes |
| Kang [67] | 2012 | South Korea | Cross-sectional analysis | 663 | CIMT | 1.98 (1.44–2.73) | Yes |
| Ampuero [71] | 2009–2012 | Meta-analysis | 1947 | CIMT | 2.04 (1.65–2.51) | Yes | |
| Yu [79] | 2014 | China | Cross-sectional analysis | 1296 | baPWV | 1321 ±158 cm/s vs. 1244 ±154 cm/s, p < 0.001 | Yes |
| Li [78] | 2014 | China | Prospective cohort study | 1225 | baPWV | Significant both with and without presence of metabolic syndrome | Yes |
| Chung [77] | 2015 | Korea | Cross-sectional analysis | 2954 | CAVI | Mild NAFLD: 1.27 (1.02–1.57) Moderate-severe NAFLD: 1.78 (1.37–2.31) | Yes |
CAC – coronary artery calcium, AAC – abdominal aortic calcification, hsCRP – high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, CIMT – carotid intima-media thickness, FMD – flow-mediated dilatation, baPWV – brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, ALT – alanine aminotransferase, CAVI – cardioankle vascular index, NAFLD – non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.