Table 3.
Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of socioeconomic patterns and lifestyle conditions for metabolic syndrome over the three study stages.
| Heading | Without MS in 2006–2008 (n = 9929) | MS in 2006–2008 (n = 2896) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Worse (NNP/NPP vs NNN) | Unstable (NPN vs NNN) | Improve (PNN/PPN vs PPP) | Unstable (PNP vs PPP) | |||||
| AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Male (vs female) | 2.30 | (1.99, 2.65) | 3.01 | (2.32, 3.89) | 1.05 | (0.71, 1.55) | 0.88 | (0.63, 1.21) |
| Age in 2006–2008 (vs 20–39) | ||||||||
| 40–64 | 1.67 | (1.44, 1.95) | 1.55 | (1.17, 2.05) | 0.51 | (0.36, 0.72) | 0.80 | (0.52, 1.20) |
| ≥65 | 2.25 | (1.50, 3.28) | 3.30 | (1.80, 6.02) | 0.47 | (0.26, 0.86) | 0.42 | (0.21, 0.87) |
| BMI (vs Normal) | ||||||||
| Increase | 5.51 | (4.71, 6.44) | 2.69 | (1.98, 3.66) | 0.19 | (0.12, 0.30) | 1.01 | (0.66, 1.56) |
| Decline | 1.09 | (0.74, 1.59) | 1.62 | (0.96, 2.71) | 1.44 | (0.98, 2.11) | 1.00 | (0.54, 1.68) |
| Stable overweight/obesity | 6.24 | (5.36, 7.28) | 4.03 | (3.10, 5.25) | 0.23 | (0.17, 0.31) | 0.54 | (0.38, 0.77) |
| Unstable condition | 3.39 | (2.53, 4.55) | 5.49 | (3.68, 8.16) | 0.51 | (0.31, 0.85) | 0.74 | (0.38, 1.42) |
| Socioeconomics | ||||||||
| Marital status (vs unmarried) | ||||||||
| Get married | 1.02 | (0.79, 1.31) | 1.03 | (0.66, 1.60) | 0.62 | (0.34, 1.13) | 0.93 | (0.48, 1.79) |
| Divorced/widowed | 1.06 | (0.66, 1.70) | 1.39 | (0.67, 2.90) | 0.71 | (0.29, 1.71) | 0.55 | (0.18, 1.70) |
| Married | 0.97 | (0.81, 1.16) | 0.92 | (0.67, 1.25) | 0.87 | (0.61, 1.22) | 0.88 | (0.58, 1.32) |
| Unstable condition | 1.08 | (0.41, 2.82) | 4.11 | (1.44, 11.68) | 0.77 | (0.58, 1.32) | <0.001 | - |
| Education (vs <12 years) | ||||||||
| Increase | 0.45 | (0.28, 0.73) | 0.60 | (0.26, 1.40) | 1.46 | (0.58, 3.66) | 2.18 | (0.81, 5.89) |
| Stable medium/high education | 0.48 | (0.35, 0.66) | 0.61 | (0.35, 1.07) | 1.17 | (0.70, 1.94) | 1.31 | (0.73, 2.33) |
| Others | 0.56 | (0.30, 1.02) | 0.62 | (0.21, 1.81) | 0.88 | (0.29, 2.69) | 0.89 | (0.23, 3.43) |
| Income (vs <400,000 NTD) | ||||||||
| Increase | 1.11 | (0.78, 1.59) | 1.43 | (0.76,2.72) | 0.86 | (0.44, 1.67) | 0.67 | (0.39, 1.31) |
| Decline | 1.16 | (0.79, 1.68) | 1.40 | (0.72,2.73) | 1.24 | (0.64, 2.41) | 0.54 | (0.26, 1.15) |
| Stable medium/high income | 1.07 | (0.76, 1.50) | 1.17 | (0.63,2.18) | 0.94 | (0.51, 1.74) | 0.46 | (0.24, 0.87) |
| Unstable condition | 0.89 | (0.61, 1.31) | 0.94 | (0.46,1.89) | 1.54 | (0.79, 3.02) | 0.89 | (0.44, 1.81) |
| Occupation (vs unemployed) | ||||||||
| Promotion | 0.65 | (0.47, 0.89) | 0.75 | (0.43, 1.31) | 1.76 | (0.93, 3.33) | 1.03 | (0.51, 2.06) |
| Demotion | 0.90 | (0.67, 1.17) | 0.60 | (0.35, 1.03) | 1.35 | (0.78, 2.36) | 0.60 | (0.43, 1.31) |
| Stable position | 0.68 | (0.54, 0.86) | 0.85 | (0.56, 1.29) | 1.18 | (0.72, 1.93) | 0.64 | (0.38, 1.08) |
| Unstable condition | 0.71 | (0.51, 1.00) | 0.93 | (0.53, 1.64) | 1.29 | (0.64, 2.59) | 0.65 | (0.29, 1.45) |
| Lifestyle | ||||||||
| Smoking (vs none) | ||||||||
| Increase | 0.64 | (0.39, 1.04) | 0.60 | (0.23, 1.55) | 1.74 | (0.85, 3.54) | 0.38 | (0.09, 1.65) |
| Decline | 1.10 | (0.83, 1.45) | 1.26 | (0.80, 1.97) | 1.17 | (0.71, 1.94) | 1.24 | (0.69, 2.22) |
| Stable intake | 1.19 | (0.95, 1.47) | 1.30 | (0.91, 1.87) | 0.58 | (0.38, 0.89) | 0.89 | (0.56, 1.40) |
| Unstable condition | 0.89 | (0.54, 1.49) | 1.00 | (0.41, 2.38) | 0.40 | (0.15, 1.06) | 0.41 | (0.12, 1.46) |
| Alcohol intake (vs none) | ||||||||
| Increase | 1.17 | (0.92, 1.49) | 0.99 | (0.66, 1.50) | 0.92 | (0.58, 1.48) | 0.99 | (0.56, 1.75) |
| Decline | 1.00 | (0.76, 1.29) | 0.73 | (0.45, 1.18) | 1.33 | (0.86, 2.06) | 0.99 | (0.56, 1.75) |
| Stable intake | 1.69 | (1.22, 2.33) | 0.67 | (0.33, 1.37) | 0.58 | (0.33, 1.01) | 0.76 | (0.39, 1.46) |
| Unstable condition | 0.96 | (0.72, 1.29) | 0.74 | (0.44, 1.26) | 0.83 | (0.50, 1.37) | 1.35 | (0.80, 2.27) |
| Sweetened beverage intake (vs none) | ||||||||
| Increase | 1.20 | (0.94, 1.52) | 1.13 | (0.76, 1.69) | 1.17 | (0.75, 1.88) | 1.57 | (0.92, 2.67) |
| Decline | 1.11 | (0.92, 1.34) | 1.08 | (0.79, 1.48) | 0.97 | (0.69, 1.37) | 0.98 | (0.64, 1.51) |
| Stable intake | 1.17 | (0.96, 1.44) | 0.99 | (0.70, 1.42) | 1.21 | (0.82, 1.77) | 1.33 | (0.84, 2.12) |
| Unstable condition | 1.17 | (0.95, 1.45) | 1.00 | (0.69, 1.45) | 1.00 | (0.66, 1.48) | 1.23 | (0.76, 1.99) |
| Betel nut chewing (vs none) | ||||||||
| Increase | 1.19 | (0.63, 2.28) | 1.07 | (0.36, 3.18) | 1.25 | (0.37, 4.16) | 0.42 | (0.05, 3.45) |
| Decline | 1.34 | (0.76, 2.33) | 0.58 | (0.17, 1.96) | 0.90 | (0.35, 2.34) | 1.23 | (0.50, 3.04) |
| Stable intake | 1.40 | (0.94, 2.08) | 1.44 | (0.75, 2.75) | 1.45 | (0.78, 2.70) | 0.78 | (0.35, 1.78) |
| Unstable condition | 1.38 | (0.73, 2.60) | 0.86 | (0.25, 2.94) | 0.55 | (0.15, 2.05) | 0.27 | (0.04, 2.15) |
| Physical activity (vs none) | ||||||||
| Increase | 0.89 | (0.73, 1.08) | 0.99 | (0.70, 1.40) | 1.43 | (0.95, 2.16) | 0.92 | (0.57, 1.48) |
| Decline | 0.95 | (0.78, 1.15) | 0.90 | (0.63, 1.28) | 1.74 | (1.16, 2.60) | 1.15 | (0.73, 1.81) |
| Stable medium/high | 0.80 | (0.66, 0.97) | 1.06 | (0.77, 1.47) | 1.54 | (1.04, 2.27) | 1.03 | (0.66, 1.60) |
| Unstable condition | 0.85 | (0.70, 1.04) | 0.91 | (0.64, 1.29) | 1.05 | (0.69, 1.60) | 0.81 | (0.50, 1.30) |
| Sleep (vs <6 h) | ||||||||
| Increase | 1.02 | (0.81, 1.29) | 1.53 | (0.99, 2.37) | 1.12 | (0.72, 1.75) | 1.27 | (0.74, 2.18) |
| Decline | 0.91 | (0.70, 1.17) | 1.37 | (0.85, 2.21) | 0.97 | (0.60, 1.57) | 1.20 | (0.67, 2.13) |
| Stable medium/high | 0.94 | (0.75, 1.181 | 1.18 | (0.77, 1.83) | 1.18 | (0.77, 1.83) | 1.38 | (0.82, 2.34) |
| Unstable condition | 0.88 | (0.69, 1.13) | 1.03 | (0.65, 1.65) | 0.92 | (0.57, 1.48) | 1.36 | (0.77, 2.39) |
| Vegetarian diet (vs not) | ||||||||
| Increase | 1.12 | (0.67, 1.88) | 1.19 | (0.51, 2.81) | 2.39 | (0.78, 7.31) | 1.69 | (0.42, 6.80) |
| Decline | 0.63 | (0.29, 1.36) | 1.19 | (0.40, 3.53) | 0.27 | (0.03, 2.36) | 0.79 | (0.15, 4.10) |
| Stable intake | 0.61 | (0.37, 1.01) | 0.43 | (0.15, 1.20) | 2.81 | (1.21, 6.55) | 3.03 | (1.19, 7.75) |
| Unstable condition | 0.84 | (0.35, 2.01) | 0.49 | (0.07, 3.67) | <0.001 | - | 0.78 | (0.09, 6.56) |
| Vitamin C, E intake (vs none) | ||||||||
| Increase | 0.97 | (0.78, 1.21) | 0.95 | (0.65, 1.40) | 1.26 | (0.84, 1.88) | 1.67 | (1.05, 2.67) |
| Decline | 0.84 | (0.69, 1.06) | 0.72 | (0.50, 1.04) | 1.20 | (0.83, 1.74) | 1.32 | (0.85, 2.03) |
| Stable intake | 0.97 | (0.79, 1.19) | 1.18 | (0.84, 1.65) | 1.68 | (1.12, 2.52) | 1.42 | (0.87, 2.31) |
| Unstable condition | 0.81 | (0.39, 1.23) | 1.71 | (0.98, 3.01) | 1.37 | (0.71, 2.67) | 1.11 | (0.45, 2.78 |
| Fish oil intake (vs none) | ||||||||
| Increase | 1.10 | (0.87, 1.39) | 1.07 | (0.72, 1.58) | 0.76 | (0.49, 1.17) | 0.73 | (0.43, 1.25) |
| Decline | 1.34 | (0.99, 1.81) | 0.96 | (0.55, 1.65) | 0.67 | (0.37, 1.17) | 0.84 | (0.44, 1.60) |
| Stable intake | 1.10 | (0.67, 1.79) | 0.98 | (0.41, 2.34) | 1.05 | (0.43, 1.25) | 0.51 | (0.18, 1.47) |
| Unstable condition | 0.93 | (0.66, 1.31) | 0.83 | (0.45, 1.52) | 0.84 | (0.48, 1.47) | 0.85 | (0.43, 1.68) |
P: positive; N: negative; three letters present the status across the three stages. For example, NPP is defined as the occurrence of MS in the second and third stage for those without MS in the first stage, and vice versa. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) are calculated by the logistic regression model adjusted with all covariates, including medicinal treatment. Each compared group (baseline) of explanation variables is stable, no, or low status through three study stages.