Table 6.

Macular degeneration (MD) prevalence and mean ORs calculated in scientific studies conducted in OW (adapted from Modenese and Gobba, 2018 [109]).

Reference, Location	Main Results: Association between Occupational SR Exposure and Macular Degeneration
[116], USA	Five-year incidence in Maritime workers = 50–59 years: 7%; 60–69 years: 14%; >70 years: 26%. Cumulative exposure to SR = 0.84 ± 0.63 Maryland Sun Years
[110], Croatia	OW vs. controls: 70 vs. 30% (X2 = 17,633, p < 0.0001)
[117], Europe	Subjects with lowest dietary intake of antioxidants and high blue light exposure in central hours of the day = OR 3.7 (95% CI 1.6–8.9) for neo-vascular MD vs. atrophic; OR 1.9 (95% CI 1.1–3.6) for MD grade 3 vs. 0
[111], Croatia	Three-year incidence = 1.9% in OW vs. 0.8% in indoor workers (p < 0.001)
[112], Croatia	113 fishermen, sea workers, and farmers with SR exposure > 8 h/day had MD, X2 186.22, p < 0.001
[113], Iran	Gene XRCC7 polymorphism in OW: OR 3.1 (95% CI 1.04–9.4; p = 0.04)
[118], Europe	Prevalence = 20.3% early MD; 31.9% late MD OR: 2.6 (95% CI 1.9–3.5) after adjustment for age, sex, and smoking behavior for late MD and OW; n.a. with early MD Considering past SR exposure > 8 h/day: OR = 5.5 (95% CI 1.25–24.6) for early MD OR = 2.8 (95% CI 1.25–6.2) for late MD
[119], USA	MD grade 4 in maritime workers = 1.2% OR = 1.35 (95% CI 1.0–1.8) for blue light exposure, n.s. for UV
[114], Nepal	Composition of the sample = 42.6% farmers (most represented occupational group, p = 0.077)
[115], Croatia	Two-year incidence = 18% in OW (farmers and fishers) vs. 2.5% in indoor workers

CI = Confidence Interval; MD = Macular Degeneration; OR = odds ratio; OW = outdoor workers; SR = solar radiation.