Table 1.
Human correlate and pharmacology of acute animal model CRFs
| Animal model | Seizure phenotype | Human correlate | Predictive validity | Acutely effective antiseizure drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maximal electroshock | Tonic‐extension seizure | Generalized tonic–clonic seizures | Yes | PHT, CBZ, OxCBZ, VPA, PB, FBM, GBP, LTG, LCM, TPM, ZNS, EZG |
| 6 Hz test | Limbic seizures secondarily generalized | Pharmacoresistant focal seizures secondarily generalized | Undefined; suggested model of pharmacoresistant seizures | CBZ, FBM, LCM, LEV, EZG, VPA |
| Subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol | Minimal clonic seizure | Generalized myoclonic seizure | Yes | ESM, VPA, BZD, EZG, FBM, GBP, PBa, TGBa, VGBa |
| Kindled rodent | Limbic seizures secondarily generalized | Focal seizures secondarily generalized | Yes | CBZ, OxCBZ, PHT, VPA, PB, BZD, FBM, GBP, PGB, LCM, LTG, TPM, TGB, ZNS, LVT, VGB, EZG |
| Chemonconvulsant and electrically induced status epilepticus models (acute) | Acute status epilepticus | Acute status epilepticus | Yes | BDZ, CBZ, VPA, PB |
| Post‐status epilepticus models | Spontaneous recurrent seizures | Temporal lobe epilepsy | Unknown | CBZ,97, 98 TPM,99 VPA,97 PB100 |
BDZ, benzodiazepine; CBZ, carbamazepine; ESM, ethosuximide; EZG, ezogabine; FBM, felbamate; GBP, gabapentin; LCM, lacosamide; LTG, lamotrigine; LVT, levetiracetam; OxCBZ, oxcarbazepine; PB, phenobarbital; PGB, pregabalin; PHT, phenytoin; TGB, tiagabine; TPM, topiramate; VPA, valproic acid; VGB, vigabatrin; ZNS, zonisamide.
a
PB, TGB, and VGB block clonic seizures induced by s.c. PTZ but are inactive against generalized absence seizures and may exacerbate spike wave seizures.