Table 1.
Genetic modification of oncolytic viruses.
| Virus Classification | Oncolytic Virus | Genetic Modification | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Herpes Simplex Virus-1
(DNA Virus) |
T-VEC (talimogene laherparepvec, Imlygic®) |
ICP34.5 deletion, ICP47 deletion, GMCSF insertion | Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, USA |
| HF10 (canerpaturev—C-REV) |
Natural deletion and insertion led to loss of expression of UL43, Ul49.5, UL55, UL56, and LAT | Takara Bio Inc., Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan | |
| HSV1716 (Seprehvir®) |
ICP34.5 deletion | Virttu Biologics, Glasgow, U.K. | |
| G207 | ICP34.5 deletion, ICP6 deletion, and LacZ insertion | Medigene, Planegg, Germany | |
| G47∆ | ICP34.5 deletion, ICP6 deletion, ICP47 deletion, and LacZ insertion | Daiichi Sankyo Company, Tokyo, Japan | |
| M032 | ICP34.5 deletion and IL12 insertion | Aettis, Inc., Pennsylvania, USA | |
| OrienX010 | ICP34.5 and ICP47 deletion, and GM-CSF insertion | Orien Gene Biotechnology, Zhejiang, China | |
|
Adenoviruses
(DNA Virus) |
H101 (Oncorine) |
E1B deletion and E3 partial deletion | Shanghai Sunway Biotech, Shanghai, China |
| ONYX-015 | E1B-55 KDa gene deletion | Onyx pharmaceutical, South San Francisco, USA | |
| ONCOS-102 (formerly named CGTG-102) | adeno ∆24-RGD-GM-CSF insertion | Targovax (Merged with ONCOS therapeutic), Oslo, Norway |
|
| VCN-01 | pRb-dependent; loaded with genes encoding PH20 hyaluronidase | VCN Biosciences SL, Barcelona, Spain | |
| LOAd-703 | pRb-dependent; loaded with genes encoding CD40L and 4-1BBL | Lokon Pharma, Uppsala, Sweden | |
| ICOVIR-7 | pRb-dependent adenovirus with 24-bp deletion in E1A. The fiber of the capsid has been modified with an RGD-4C motif in the HI-loop with a E2F promoter, and E1A deletion, the replication is optimized with E2F binding hairpins and contains Kozak sequence | Targovax (Merged with Oncos therapeutics), Oslo, Norway |
|
| ICOVIR-5 | Adeno ∆24-RGD, pRb-dependent adenovirus, with a deletion in 24bp in EIA with E2F promoter and contains the Kozak sequence at the E1a start codon | Institut Català d’Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain | |
| DNX-2401 | Deletion in 24bp in EIA and RGD-motif was engineered into the fiber H-loop, enabling the virus to use αvβ3 or αvβ5 an integrins to enter cells |
DNAtrix, Houston, USA | |
| Vaccinia Viruses (DNA Virus) | Pexastimogene devacirepvec (PexaVec) (formerly named JX-594) |
Thymidine kinase deletion and GM-CSF insertion | SillaJen, Busan, Korea |
|
Reovirus
(RNA Virus) |
Pelareorep (Reolysin®) | Natural virus | Oncolytics Biotech® Inc., Calgary, Canada |
| Paramyxoviridae Family | Measles virus | hNIS insertion for MV-NIS and Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) insertion for MV-CEA | Vyriad, Rochester, USA |
| Newcastle disease virus (NDV) | Natural virus | Hadassah medical organization, | |
|
Parvovirus
(RNA Virus) |
Parvovirus H-1 (ParvOryx) | Natural virus | ORYX Medicine, Vaterstetten, Germany |
|
Picornaviruses
(RNA Virus) |
CVA21 (Cavatak) | Natural virus | Viralytics, Sydney, Australia |
| PVSRIPO | CD155/Necl5 dependent poliovirus. The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of the poliovirus replaced with the IRES from human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2) | Duke University, Durham, USA | |
| Retroviral Replicating Vectors | TOCA51 | This vector is based on murine leukemia virus (MLV) and carrying the yeast cytosine deaminase (CD) that convert 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into in the presence of CD, to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). | Tocagen, San Diego, USA |
The table includes the oncolytic viruses that were mentioned in this review. GM-CSF—granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.