Table 1.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs).
| EVs Definition | Tissue of Origin/Exosome Source | Content/Composition | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microvesicles | Human bone marrow MSCs | mRNA | Protection against acute tubular injury | [71] |
| Exosomes | Human ESC-derived mesenchymal stem cell | Decreases myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury | [72] | |
| Exosomes | Human ESC-derived mesenchymal stem cells | 20S proteasome | Reduce the accumulation of misfolded proteins in a mouse model of myocardial infarction | [74] |
| Microparticles | Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived MSC | pre-miRNA | Enable miRNA-mediated intercellular communication | [75] |
| Extracellular vesicles | Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells | Stimulate neoangiogenesis, preserve cardiac function in a rat myocardial infarction model | [76] | |
| Exosomes | Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells | Improves recovery in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury rat model | [77] | |
| Exosomes | Rat Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells | Neural growth factors transcripts | Increase neurite outgrowth in vitro and enhance regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in vivo | [79] |
| Exosomes | Macrophages | Functional NADPH oxidase 2 complexes | Axonal regeneration through a NOX2-PI3K-p-Akt signalling pathway | [81] |
| Exosomes | Human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Repair-related miRNAs, miR-494 | Stimulation of myogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro, and muscle regeneration in an in vivo model of muscle injury | [82] |
| Exosomes | Rat bone marrow MSCs | Exosome enriched mesenchymal stromal cell-derived fractionated secretome | Repair and healing of injured liver tissue | [83] |
| Extracellular vesicles | MSCs within the glomeruli (Gl-MSCs) | miRNAs | Recovery of in a mouse model | [84] |
| Extracellular vesicles | Bone Marrow MSCs | microRNA | microRNA depletion in EVs from MSCs decrease their intrinsic regenerative potential in acute kidney injury | [85] |
| Exosomes | Akt-Modified Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells | Platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-D) | Improve angiogenesis and promote cardiac regeneration | [86] |
| Exosomes | GATA-4 overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells | Anti-apoptotic microRNAs, miR-19a | Cardio-protection | [87] |
| Exosomes | Human embryonic stem cell-induced mesenchymal stem cells | Relieve osteoarthritis through the regulation of synthesis/degradation of cartilage extracellular matrix | [89] | |
| Extracellular vesicles/exosomes | Human embryonic mesenchymal stem cells | Stimulation of osteochondral regeneration and repair | [90] | |
| Exosomes | Human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived MSCs | Alleviate hind-limb ischemia and stimulate angiogenesis in mice | [92] | |
| Exosomes | Human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived MSCs | Stimulation of angiogenesis and collagen synthesis accelerating cutaneous wound healing in rats | [93] | |
| Exosomes | Human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived MSCs | Increasing in endothelial cells migration and proliferation and reduction of bone degradation in an osteonecrosis of the femoral head rat model | [94] | |
| Membrane vesicles | Bone marrow human MSCs | Immunosuppressive effect on B lymphocytes | [95] | |
| Microvesicles | Murine bone-marrow derived MSCs | PD-L1, galecin-1 and membrane-bound TGF-β | Initiation of peripheral tolerance and regulation of immune responses | [96] |
| Exosomes | Human embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived MSCs | Prolonging of the survival of allogenic skin graft in mice and increased Tregs. | [97] | |
| Extracellular vesicles | Human adipose derived-MSCs | Exert anti-Inflammatory effects, stimulate macrophages switching from a M1 to a M2 phenotype | [98] | |
| Extracellular vesicles | Porcine adipose tissue-derived MSCs | Anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 10 | Reduction of renal inflammation, increasing of medullary oxygenation in porcine model of metabolic syndrome and renal artery stenosis | [99] |
| Exosomes | Human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells | Promotion of upregulation of IL-10 and TGF-β1 from PBMCs, stimulation of proliferation and immune-suppression capacity of Tregs in asthmatic patient | [100] | |
| Exosomes | Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells | Amelioration of liver function and restoration of liver fibrosis | [101] | |
| CCR2 positive exosomes | Bone marrow mouse mesenchymal stem cells | C-C motif chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2) | Establishment of protective effects on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mouse | [102] |
| Exosomes | Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from rats | Attenuation of inflammation, glial scar formation and of neuronal cells apoptosis, lesion size reduction, improving of axonal regeneration, and of functional recovery after traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in rat model | [103] | |
| Exosomes | Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells | Stimulation of spinal cord injury healing via mitigating the inflammation at the injured area | [104] |