Table 2.

Overview and definition of the original ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) framework used in the present study.

ACEs	Definition
Physical abuse	Being pushed, beaten, grabbed, slapped, kicked or being hit so hard resulting in marks or injury
Emotional abuse	Being sworn at, insulted, threatened, put down
Physical neglect	Parent’s or primary caregiver’s behavior interfered with the child’s care, wearing dirty clothes, bad hygiene, not enough personal living space, no safe living space, not enough to eat, not taken to a doctor when sick, forced to take care for themselves
Emotional neglect	Parents didn’t make the child feel special and loved, the family not being a source of strength, protection and support, the child receiving little attention
Sexual abuse	Being involuntarily touched in a sexual way, forced into any form of sexual contact, forced into watching sexual content
Parental incarceration	A parent or primary caregiver being incarcerated
Parental separation/divorce	Separation or divorce of biological parents
Witness of violence against a parent	The child being a witness of verbal or physical violence (abuse) against the parent or primary caregiver
Parental substance abuse	Excessive alcohol use or drug use of the parent or primary caregiver
Parental mental health problems	Biological parent(s) having mental health problems (anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder or other mental issues/illnesses) interfering with the child’s care or having a parent ever attempted suicide