Table 1.
The general characteristics of study population.
| Variables | N/Mean | %/SD | HbA1c | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | p-Value | |||
| Smoking Behavior | <0.0001 | ||||
| Dual smokers | 142 | 1.61 | 5.48 | ±0.34 | |
| Single smokers | 1359 | 15.43 | 5.50 | ±0.27 | |
| Ex-smoker | 1654 | 18.78 | 5.51 | ±0.27 | |
| Non-smoker | 5654 | 64.18 | 5.47 | ±0.27 | |
| Sex | 0.7098 | ||||
| Men | 3523 | 39.99 | 5.50 | ±0.27 | |
| Women | 5286 | 60.01 | 5.48 | ±0.27 | |
| Age (years) | <0.0001 | ||||
| 20–30 | 1176 | 13.35 | 5.26 | ±0.21 | |
| 30–39 | 1930 | 21.91 | 5.37 | ±0.23 | |
| 40–49 | 1772 | 20.12 | 5.44 | ±0.23 | |
| 50–59 | 1692 | 19.21 | 5.57 | ±0.23 | |
| 60–69 | 1314 | 14.92 | 5.65 | ±0.24 | |
| ≥70 | 925 | 10.50 | 5.70 | ±0.24 | |
| Household Income | 0.057 | ||||
| Low | 2821 | 32.02 | 5.45 | ±0.26 | |
| Mid-low | 2641 | 29.98 | 5.46 | ±0.26 | |
| Mid-high | 2122 | 24.09 | 5.50 | ±0.27 | |
| High | 1225 | 13.91 | 5.59 | ±0.28 | |
| Occupational Categories | 0.0913 | ||||
| White collar worker | 2371 | 26.92 | 5.41 | ±0.25 | |
| Pink collar worker | 1154 | 13.10 | 5.47 | ±0.26 | |
| Blue collar worker | 1901 | 21.58 | 5.55 | ±0.26 | |
| Unemployed | 3383 | 38.40 | 5.50 | ±0.28 | |
| Educational Level | 0.0703 | ||||
| High school | 4455 | 50.57 | 5.56 | ±0.26 | |
| University or College | 3831 | 43.49 | 5.40 | ±0.25 | |
| Graduated school | 523 | 5.94 | 5.42 | ±0.26 | |
| BMI | <0.0001 | ||||
| Normal/underweight (<23) | 4094 | 46.48 | 5.41 | ±0.25 | |
| Overweight (23–24.9) | 2017 | 22.90 | 5.50 | ±0.25 | |
| Obesity (≥25) | 2698 | 30.63 | 5.59 | ±0.27 | |
| Physical Activity | 0.1061 | ||||
| Yes | 4495 | 51.03 | 5.46 | ±0.27 | |
| No | 4314 | 48.97 | 5.51 | ±0.27 | |
| Pack Year of Cigarette Smoking | <0.0001 | ||||
| Very heavy | 173 | 1.96 | 5.66 | ±0.28 | |
| Heavy | 188 | 2.13 | 5.65 | ±0.26 | |
| Medium | 474 | 5.38 | 5.63 | ±0.26 | |
| Light | 2248 | 25.52 | 5.46 | ±0.26 | |
| None | 5726 | 65.00 | 5.47 | ±0.27 | |
| Alcoholic Behavior | <0.0001 | ||||
| less than 1 time for a month | 3974 | 45.11 | 5.53 | ±0.27 | |
| 1–4 times for a month | 3008 | 34.15 | 5.44 | ±0.26 | |
| 2 times or above for a week | 1827 | 20.74 | 5.46 | ±0.27 | |
| Family History of Diabetes | <0.0001 | ||||
| Present | 1986 | 22.55 | 5.52 | ±0.27 | |
| Absent | 6823 | 77.45 | 5.47 | ±0.27 | |
| Year | <0.0001 | ||||
| 2014 | 2684 | 30.47 | 5.53 | ±0.27 | |
| 2015 | 2870 | 32.58 | 5.47 | ±0.27 | |
| 2016 | 3255 | 36.95 | 5.45 | ±0.27 | |
| Caloric Intake † | 2054.72 | ±940.62 | |||
| Total | 8809 | 100.00 | 5.48 | ±0.27 | |
† Mean and Standard deviation (SD) of the continuous independent variables in this study.