Table 2.
The results of multiple regression analysis to investigate the association between smoking behavior patterns and HbA1c.
| Variables | HbA1c | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | p-Value | |
| Smoking Behavior | |||
| Dual smokers | 0.1116 | 0.0343 | 0.0012 |
| Single smokers | 0.0752 | 0.0245 | 0.0022 |
| Ex-smoker | 0.0261 | 0.0234 | 0.2647 |
| Non-smoker | Ref | - | - |
| Sex | |||
| Men | −0.0184 | 0.0072 | 0.0114 |
| Women | Ref | - | - |
| Age (years) | |||
| 20–30 | Ref | - | - |
| 30–39 | 0.0856 | 0.0079 | <0.0001 |
| 40–49 | 0.1538 | 0.0082 | <0.0001 |
| 50–59 | 0.2648 | 0.0091 | <0.0001 |
| 60–69 | 0.3477 | 0.0100 | <0.0001 |
| ≥70 | 0.4147 | 0.0122 | <0.0001 |
| Household Income | |||
| Low | Ref | - | - |
| Mid-low | 0.0062 | 0.0088 | 0.4848 |
| Mid-high | 0.0090 | 0.0089 | 0.3126 |
| High | 0.0093 | 0.0091 | 0.3096 |
| Occupational Categories | |||
| White collar worker | −0.0019 | 0.0061 | 0.7514 |
| Pink collar worker | 0.0086 | 0.0074 | 0.2426 |
| Blue collar worker | 0.0089 | 0.0069 | 0.1998 |
| Unemployed | Ref | - | - |
| Educational Level | |||
| High school | 0.0218 | 0.0104 | 0.0361 |
| University or College | 0.0217 | 0.0095 | 0.0221 |
| Graduated school | Ref | - | - |
| BMI | |||
| Normal or underweight (<23) | Ref | - | - |
| Overweight (23–24.9) | 0.0547 | 0.0058 | <0.0001 |
| Obesity (≥25) | 0.1457 | 0.0055 | <0.0001 |
| Physical Activity | |||
| Yes | Ref | - | - |
| No | 0.0121 | 0.0045 | 0.0079 |
| Pack Year of Cigarette Smoking | |||
| Very heavy | −0.0061 | 0.0315 | 0.8478 |
| Heavy | 0.0223 | 0.0294 | 0.4471 |
| Medium | 0.0447 | 0.0260 | 0.0861 |
| Light | −0.0163 | 0.0235 | 0.4886 |
| None | Ref | - | - |
| Alcoholic Behavior | |||
| less than 1 time for a month | Ref | - | - |
| 1–4 times for a month | −0.0282 | 0.0056 | <0.0001 |
| 2 times or above for a week | −0.0628 | 0.0069 | <0.0001 |
| Family History of Diabetes | |||
| Present | 0.0530 | 0.0056 | <0.0001 |
| Absent | Ref | - | - |
| Year | |||
| 2014 | 0.0822 | 0.0062 | <0.0001 |
| 2015 | 0.0078 | 0.0063 | 0.2141 |
| 2016 | Ref | - | - |
| Caloric intake | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.4240 |