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Against a pathogen attack, plants secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a defense response. As seen above, plant EVs can contain small RNA (sRNA) that can silence virulence genes present in the pathogen. Another strategy is to secrete defense compounds, such as glucosinolates (GLSs), and include transport-related proteins, such as GTR1 (glucosinolate transporter-1) and PEN3 (an ATP-binding cassette transporter), in their membrane.
