Table 1.
Description of landmarks and landmark-associated linear and angular measurements.
| Landmark | Description | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| A | The most anterior point on the nasal bone. | ||
| Bl | The intersection between the lingual surface of the lower incisors and the most anterior part of the lingual alveolar bone. | ||
| Br | The bregma, the point of intersection between the sagittal and coronal sutures. | ||
| Bu | A point on the premaxilla between jaw bone and the lingual surface of the upper lingual incisors. | ||
| E | The intersection between the frontal bone and the most superior-anterior point of the posterior limit of the ethmoid bone. | ||
| Id | The most inferior and anterior point on the alveolar process of the mandible. | ||
| Ii | The most prominent point between the incisal edges of the lower incisors. | ||
| Iu | The most prominent point between the incisal edges of the upper incisors. | ||
| Ml | The intersection between the mandibular alveolar bone and the mesial surface on the first molar. | ||
| Mn | A point in the deepest part of the antegonial notch curvature. | ||
| Mu | The intersection between the maxillary bone and the mesial surface of the upper first molar. | ||
| N | A point on the nasofrontal suture. | ||
| Po | The most posterior point on the cranial vault. | ||
| Pr | The most inferior and anterior point on the alveolar process of the premaxilla. | ||
| So | The intersection between the posterior border of the basisphenoid and the tympanic bulla. | ||
| Landmarks | Segment | Landmarks | Angle |
| A-N | Nasal bone length | PoEL/SoEL | Cranial vault to cranial base |
| A-Pr | Nasal bone height | ANL/SoEL | Nasal bone to cranial base |
| E-Mu | Viscerocranial height | ANL/PoEL | Nasal bone to cranial vault |
| E-Iu | Growth axis of upper face | ANL/PrNL | Nasal bone to premaxilla |
| E-Bu | Viscerocranial length (posterior to anterior incisors) | MuBuL/SoEL | Maxilla-premaxilla to cranial base |
| E-Pr | Viscerocranial length (anterior to anterior incisors) | MuBuL/PoEL | Maxilla-premaxilla to cranial vault |
| N-Pr | Relative position of pre-maxilla to cranium | PrEL/SoEL | Premaxilla to cranial base |
| Mu-Pr | Distance between molar and incisor in maxilla | BuEL/PoEL | Premaxilla to cranial vault |
| Mu-Bu | Palatal length | BuEL/SoEL | Upper incisors to cranial base |
| Mn-Id | Mandibular corpus length | IuEL/PoEL | Upper incisors to cranial vault |
| Ml-Bl | Mandibular lingual alveolar bone length | MuBuL/PrluL | Upper incisor inclination |
| Pr-Iu | Erupted upper incisor length | MlliL/ldLiL | Lower incisor inclination |
| Id-Ii | Erupted lower incisor length | ABrL/PoBrL | Angle of cranial vault |
| Ml-Ii | Distance between molar and incisor in mandible | PrEL/PoEL | Premaxilla to cranial vault |
| So-E | Length of anterior cranial base | ||
| Po-E | Neurocranial length | ||
| Po-Br | Length of posterior cranium | ||
| Po-Mu | The distance between the first molar to the most posterior point | ||
| Po-A | Total skull length | ||