Table 2.
Selection of studies on the effect of natural antioxidants against DNA oxidative damage (conducted during the last 15 years).
| Researchers/Study (per chronological order) | Experimental Conditions | Effect on LDL Oxidation |
|---|---|---|
| Kiokias and Gordon (2003) [44]/Clinical trial | Supplementation of 30 healthy volunteers with 30 mg active carotenoid/day (mixture of α,β-carotene, lycopene, paprika, lutein, bixin) for 3 weeks. | Carotenoids caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of in vivo DNA oxidative damage in terms of 8-OH-dG as biomarker. |
| Astley et al. (2004) [93]/Clinical trial | Supplementation of healthy males with 15 mg/d lutein, β-carotene or lycopene (natural isolate capsules) for 4 weeks (3 independent clinical trials). | Carotenoids presented an antioxidant Character protection by scavenging DNA-damaging free radicals modulation of DNA repair. |
| Fantappiè et al. (2004) [103] /In vitro study | Model of oxidative DNA damage in the human hepatocellular carcinoma. | Vitamin E protected DNA from oxidative damage as evidenced by the concentration of TBARS and 8-OH-dG biomarkers after carotenoid treatment. |
| Fabiani et al. (2008) [112]/In vitro study | Model of oxidative DNA damage in human blood mononuclear cells and HL60 cells. | Extracts of olive oil, hydroxytyrosol, and other olive phenolic compounds exerted a strong inhibitory effect against DNA damage. |
| Rusac et al. (2010) [109]/In vitro study | Model of flavonoid-DNA interactions in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. | Certain flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin and kaempferol) were shown effective in protecting DNA from oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide. |
| Barcelos et al. (2012) [96]/Clinical trial | Rats were treated orally with quercetin (0.5–50 mg/kg/bw/day), over 45 days. | Quercetin concentrations (5.0 and 50.0 mg/kg/bw/day) were found to protect against DNA damage. |
| Herrero-Barbudo et al. (2013) [94] /Clinical trial | Supplementation of 10 humans with lutein-enriched fermented milk (containing lutein and lutein esters at concentration 4–8 mg free lutein/100 mL). | A significant increase in serum lutein levels, was associated with an improved resistance to DNA damage. |
| Cocate et al. (2014) [40]/Clinical trial | Supplementation of 296 healthy middle-aged supplemented with a with carotenoid mixture (β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein plus zeaxanthin, β-carotene and α-carotene). | The daily carotenoid intake was inversely associated with the production of urinary 8-OH-dG as oxidative stress biomarker (p < 0.05). |
| Asgard (2014) [100]/Clinical trial | 47 type-2 diabetes subjects supplemented for 12 weeks with 16 capsules/day (mixture of β-carotene + α-tocopherol). | Dietary supplementation did not affect the levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, despite substantially increased plasma concentrations of antioxidants. |
| Sevgi et al. (2015) [111]/In vitro study | Model of plasmid DNA oxidative damage in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet (UV) light. | Tested phenolic acids (ferulic, caffeic, rosmarinic, and vanillic acids) inhibited DNA damage. |