Table 1.

Participant demographics, prevalence of DSR and PSR, and prevalence of other risky driving behaviors

					Bivariate regression estimates				Multivariate regression estimates
		Sample statistics			DSR (Ref = no DSR)		PSR(Ref= no PSR)		DSR (Ref = no DSR)a		PSR (Ref = no PSR)
Characteristics	Category	n	%	95% CI (%)	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI
Age	<18 years old	933	33.64	(27.73, 39.64)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	—	—	—	—
	≥18 years old	1,462	66.36	(60.44, 72.29)	.94	(.53,1.67)	.92	(.62, 1.35)	—	—	—	—
Gender	Female	1,330	55.26	(51.91, 58.61)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)
	Male	1,065	44.74	(41.39, 48.09)	3.03***	(1.92,4.77)	1.82**	(1.17, 2.83)	3.39***	(2.27, 5.08)	1.85**	(1.20, 2.85)
Race/ethnicity	Non-Hispanic White	976	58.62	(46.12,71.12)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	—	—
	Hispanic/Latino	697	19.85	(11.79, 27.90)	2.94***	(1.69, 5.11)	.66	(.33, 1.33)	1.97*	(1.07, 3.64)	—	—
	Non-Hispanic Black/African-American	538	14.98	(6.80, 23.16)	1.77*	(1.07, 2.93)	1.58	(.91, 2.75)	2.07*	(1.09, 3.93)	—	—
	Non-Hispanic mixed race	88	4.37	(2.51, 6.23)	3.19#	(.91, 11.21)	.75	(.19, 2.93)	3.62*	(1.05, 12.47)
	Other non-Hispanic minorities	89	2.18	(.94, 3.42)	2.93#	(.89, 9.66)	.70	(.19, 2.61)	2.27	(.73, 7.04)	—	—
Socioeconomic Status	Low affluence	764	23.11	(16.75, 29.47)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)
	Moderate affluence	1,125	49.00	(45.95, 52.05)	.46**	(.28, .77)	.49***	(.33, .74)	.60*	(.38, .95)	.48***	(.32, .71)
	High affluence	505	27.89	(22.08, 33.70)	.51	(.20, 1.26)	.57	(.29,1.13)	.78	(.33,1.87)	.59	(.30, 1.16)
Highest parental	High school diploma/GED or less	816	31.04	(24.78, 37.29)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	—	—
education level	Some college education or associate’s degree	819	40.57	(36.44, 44.71)	.52*	(.28, .97)	.93	(.53,1.64)	.64#	(.37, 1.09)	—	—
	Bachelor’s degree or more	560	28.39	(21.96,34.81)	.47*	(.22, .98)	.68	(.33,1.41)	.52#	(.27, 1.00)	—	—
Driving licensure	Not independently licensed	1,159	33.69	(25.42, 41.96)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	—	—	—	—
status	Independently licensed	1,223	66.31	(58.04, 74.58)	1.17	(.56, 2.45)	.99	(.62,1.58)	—	—	—	—
Crash involvement	No crashes	2,089	85.59	(82.00, 89.18)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)
	Any crashes	295	14.41	(10.82, 18.00)	1.79*	(1.05, 3.05)	2.46***	(1.66, 3.63)
DWI	No DWI	1,374	86.95	(54.17, 65.57)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)
	Any DWI	159	13.05	(34.43, 45.83)	3.81***	(2.66, 5.44)	4.82***	(3.01, 7.70)
C-RDSb	Lower risk driver	1,623	57.06	(50.74, 63.37)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)
	Higher risk driver	764	42.94	(36.63, 49.26)	2.25***	(1.50, 3.39)	2.03**	(1.29, 3.17)
Texting/calling whiledrivingc	Less frequently	1,623	57.18	(51.27, 63.09)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)	(Ref)
	More frequently	762	42.82	(36.91, 48.73)	1.62*	(1.01, 2.59)	2.11**	(1.27, 3.50)
DSR	No DSR	1,350	86.66	(84.20, 89.11)	—	—	(Ref)	(Ref)
	Any DSR	194	13.34	(10.89, 15.80)	—	—	13.47***	(7.41, 24.49)
PSR	No PSR	2,196	91.65	(89.83, 93.47)	(Ref)	(Ref)	—	—
	Any PSR	190	8.35	(6.53,10.17)	13.47***	(7.41, 24.49)	—	—

Values in bold indicate p < .10.

Binomial logistic regression models testing association of demographics on street racing variables. Descriptive statistics and regression models accounted for complex survey design.

Multivariate regression models only included demographic variables that had at least one group significantly (p < .05) associated with DSR/PSR in a bivariate model.

AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; C-RDS = Checkpoints Risky Driving Scale; DSR = driving in a street race in the past 12 months; DWI = driving while intoxicated; GED = general equivalency diploma; OR = odds ratio; PSR = being a passenger in a street race in the past 12 months.

^aAlso controlled for frequency of driving in past 30 days.

^bStandardized Cronbach’s α = .92.

^cStandardized Cronbach’s α = .93.

^#p< .10;

^*p< .05;

^**p< .01;

^***p< .001.