. 2018 Sep 10;187(11):2355–2364. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwy142

Table 1.

Distribution of Participant Characteristics by Frequency of Religious Service Attendance at Study Baseline (n = 10,813), Growing Up Today Study, 1999

Participant Characteristic	Frequency of Religious Service Attendance^a						P Value
	Never (n = 1,703)		Less Than Once per Week (n = 2,922)		At Least Once per Week (n = 6,188)
	%	Mean (SD)	%	Mean (SD)	%	Mean (SD)
Sociodemographic factors
Age, years^b		15.03 (1.66)		14.94 (1.67)		14.56 (1.64)	<0.001
Male sex	44.86		40.97		40.16		0.002
White race	90.04		93.69		94.07		<0.001
Geographic region							<0.001
West	27.97		15.31		11.34
Midwest	27.44		32.43		39.23
South	9.25		13.15		16.47
Northeast	35.34		39.11		32.97
Mother’s age, years^b		44.91 (3.62)		44.37 (3.53)		43.81 (3.52)	<0.001
Mother’s race (white)	95.42		97.53		97.72		<0.001
Mother married	87.61		89.32		94.88		<0.001
Mother’s subjective SES in the Uniteed States^b		7.15 (1.35)		7.13 (1.32)		7.14 (1.28)	0.90
Mother’s subjective SES in the community^b		6.87 (1.61)		6.98 (1.56)		7.08 (1.53)	<0.001
Pretax household income							<0.001
<$50,000	11.74		12.67		13.67
$50,000–$74,999	23.40		21.97		24.83
$75,000–$99,999	20.73		21.43		23.60
≥$100,000	44.13		43.94		37.90
Census tract college education rate,^b %		33.45 (16.77)		32.81 (16.40)		30.33 (15.81)	<0.001
Census tract median income							<0.001
<$50,000	22.91		23.44		28.18
$50,000–$74,999	45.53		46.34		48.03
$75,000–$99,999	22.39		22.93		18.29
≥$100,000	9.17		7.29		5.49
Maternal health
Maternal depression	11.14		12.14		9.21		<0.001
Maternal current smoking	9.87		9.31		5.37		<0.001
Prior health status or prior health behaviors
Prior depressive symptoms^b		1.26 (0.62)		1.24 (0.58)		1.16 (0.57)	<0.001
Prior overweight or obesity	21.09		19.18		19.68		0.30
Prior cigarette smoking	24.85		22.59		12.70		<0.001
Prior alcohol drinking	13.79		12.16		4.97		<0.001
Prior marijuana use	21.97		17.46		7.03		<0.001
Prior drug use other than marijuana	8.93		5.50		2.40		<0.001
Prior prescription drug misuse	8.83		8.36		5.30		<0.001
Prior number of lifetime sexual partners^b		0.40 (1.10)		0.27 (0.89)		0.10 (0.55)	<0.001
Prior history of early sexual initiation	11.86		8.02		3.24		<0.001
Prior history of sexually transmitted infections	0.62		0.40		0.05		<0.001
Prior history of teen pregnancy	0.75		0.61		0.26		0.006

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; SES, socioeconomic status.

^a Analysis of variance or χ² tests were used to examine the mean (SD) levels of the characteristic or proportion of individuals within each religious service attendance category with that characteristic.

^b Ranges of the participant characteristics were as follows: age, 12–19 years; mother’s age, 35–54 years; mother’s subjective SES in the United States, 1–10; mother’s subjective SES in the community, 1–10; census tract college education rate, 0%–85%; prior depressive symptoms, 0–4; and prior number of lifetime sexual partners, 0–6.