Table 2.

Adjusted^a Odds Ratios for Functional Impairments According to Quintiles of Adherence to Published Dietary Guidelines (Chinese Food Pagoda, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, and Alternative Healthy Eating Index), Shanghai Women’s Health Study (1996–2015) and Shanghai Men’s Health Study (2002–2015), China

Dietary Guideline and Quintile	Median Score	Walking Independently		Hearing and Vision				Memory				Making Decisions
		Unable		Minor Problem		Serious Problem		Minor Problem		Serious Problem		Sometimes Difficult		Always Difficult
		OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
CHFP
1	28	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
2	32	0.94	0.85, 1.05	0.98	0.89, 1.07	0.92	0.81, 1.05	0.97	0.90, 1.06	0.95	0.83, 1.08	1.05	0.95, 1.17	0.94	0.84, 1.06
3	34	0.97	0.87, 1.09	0.93	0.85, 1.01	0.91	0.80, 1.04	0.85	0.78, 0.93	0.89	0.78, 1.02	0.91	0.82, 1.02	0.87	0.77, 0.98
4	36	0.83	0.74, 0.93	0.93	0.85, 1.02	0.81	0.71, 0.92	0.92	0.84, 1.00	0.76	0.66, 0.88	0.94	0.84, 1.05	0.78	0.69, 0.89
5	39	0.77	0.69, 0.87	1.00	0.91, 1.10	0.83	0.72, 0.95	0.91	0.83, 0.99	0.78	0.67, 0.90	0.91	0.81, 1.02	0.78	0.68, 0.89
P for trend		<0.01		0.61		<0.01		0.01		<0.01		0.03		<0.01
DASH
1	37	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
2	43	0.94	0.84, 1.05	0.98	0.90, 1.08	0.99	0.87, 1.12	0.97	0.89, 1.05	0.94	0.82, 1.07	1.01	0.91, 1.13	0.96	0.86, 1.08
3	46	0.84	0.75, 0.94	0.95	0.87, 1.04	0.93	0.82, 1.06	0.93	0.85, 1.01	0.96	0.84, 1.10	0.93	0.83, 1.03	0.90	0.80, 1.01
4	50	0.84	0.75, 0.94	0.91	0.83, 1.00	0.81	0.71, 0.93	0.95	0.87, 1.03	0.79	0.69, 0.92	0.91	0.82, 1.02	0.75	0.66, 0.85
5	55	0.76	0.67, 0.85	0.90	0.82, 0.99	0.74	0.65, 0.85	0.87	0.80, 0.96	0.77	0.66, 0.89	0.88	0.78, 0.98	0.70	0.61, 0.80
P for trend		<0.01		0.01		<0.01		<0.01		<0.01		0.01		<0.01
AHEI
1	32	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
2	38	0.93	0.83, 1.03	0.90	0.82, 0.98	0.94	0.83, 1.07	0.97	0.89, 1.05	0.86	0.75, 0.98	0.87	0.79, 0.97	0.87	0.78, 0.98
3	43	0.87	0.78, 0.97	0.87	0.79, 0.95	0.88	0.77, 1.00	0.91	0.84, 0.99	0.83	0.72, 0.94	0.82	0.73, 0.91	0.76	0.67, 0.86
4	47	0.84	0.75, 0.94	0.89	0.82, 0.98	0.78	0.68, 0.89	0.83	0.77, 0.91	0.78	0.68, 0.89	0.79	0.71, 0.89	0.74	0.65, 0.84
5	53	0.77	0.68, 0.86	0.85	0.77, 0.93	0.71	0.62, 0.81	0.85	0.78, 0.93	0.67	0.58, 0.78	0.81	0.72, 0.90	0.61	0.54, 0.70
P for trend		<0.01		<0.01		<0.01		<0.01		<0.01		<0.01		<0.01

Abbreviations: AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index; CHFP, Chinese Food Pagoda; CI, confidence interval; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; OR, odds ratio.

^a Odds ratios were additionally adjusted for total energy intake (Kcal), age (continuous), body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio (categorized into tertiles), marital status (married/other), occupation (manual, clerical, professional), income (low, average, high), exercise (yes/no; “yes” was defined as exercising as least once a week for more than 3 months), comorbidity (yes/no), alcohol (continuous), education (less than high school, high school, college or above), smoking status (previous or current smoker, nonsmoker), sex, supplement intake (yes/no; included vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin E, and multivitamins), and ginseng consumption (yes/no).