Figure 3.

TNF-α in spent media of neutrophils (A) and monocytes (B) isolated from 18 cows (9 in early- and 9 in mid-lactation), cells were cultured in two wells per sample, but media from those wells were pooled before assayed for TNF-α. Cells were incubated with the corresponding choline treatment (3.2, 8.2, or 13.2 μM) for 2 h followed by a challenge] with LPS (0 or 1 μg/mL) for 2 h. Data depicted represent the back-transformed square root of LSM and SEM. Linear and quadratic P-values refer to the effect of choline doses.