Table 4.

mRNA abundance (2^−ΔCt × 10⁻³AU) of genes involved in choline metabolism and inflammatory response in monocytes from lactating dairy cows supplemented with choline in vitro^a.

	Treatmentb			SEMc	P-value
	CHOL3	CHOL8	CHOL13		Linear	Quadratic
CHOLINE METABOLISM
SLC5A7	0.41	0.59	0.84	0.09	<0.001	0.97
CHDH	0.53	0.68	0.83	0.08	<0.001	0.80
CHKA	20.0	20.7	17.8	1.81	0.01	0.02
ACHE	1.93	1.90	1.94	0.29	0.93	0.60
CHAT	0.14	0.25	0.36	0.06	<0.001	0.50
CHRM1	0.07	0.11	0.16	0.02	<0.001	0.70
CHRM5	0.15	0.23	0.30	0.03	<0.001	0.44
CHRNA7	0.21	0.37	0.62	0.08	<0.001	0.94
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
TLR4	76.9	73.3	59.8	15.5	<0.001	0.16
NFKB1	321	310	266	31	<0.001	0.26
TNFA	142	158	146	21	0.74	0.13
H2A	169	182	164	12	0.59	0.03
CASP3	6.61	6.79	6.16	0.72	0.23	0.23
CASP7	7.51	7.83	7.27	0.73	0.58	0.24

^aMean values per treatment correspond to cells from 16 cows (8 in early and 8 in mid-lactation).

^bCells were cultured with either 3.2 (CHOL3), 8.1 (CHOL8), or 13.2 (CHOL13) μM choline.

^cPooled standard error of the mean.