Table 1.
Background Characteristics, Clinical Parameters, and Serologic Fibrosis Markers of Patients With NAA‐ALF at First Presentation
| Parameter | All patients | TFS | T/D | P * | P † | Multivariate OR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (95% CI) | ||||||
| Number (%) | 73 | 43 (61) | 27‡ (39) | – | ||
| Etiologies, n (%) | ||||||
| Viral infection | 30 (41) | 18 (39) | 12 (44) | 0.33 | – | |
| HAV | 8 (12) | 7 (16) | 1 (4) | – | ||
| HBV | 16 (24) | 9 (21) | 7 (28) | – | ||
| Others§ | 6 (9) | 2 (5) | 4 (16) | – | ||
| Autoimmune hepatitis | 22 (30) | 14 (30) | 8 (30) | – | ||
| DILI | 6 (8) | 4 (9) | 2 (7) | – | ||
| Indeterminate | 13 (18) | 10 (22) | 3 (11) | – | ||
| Others|| | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 2 (7) | – | ||
| Sex (M/F)/ n (%) | 37 (51)/ 36 (49) | 20 (43)/ 26 (57) | 17 (63)/ 10 (37) | 0.15 | ||
| Age in years | 50 [23] | 40.5 [25.5] | 56 [13] | 0.0014 | 0.014 | 9.1 (1.8–71) |
| Clinical parameters | ||||||
| PT‐INR | 2.21 ± 0.75 | 2.06 ± 0.64 | 2.48 ± 0.85 | 0.02 | 0.56 | – |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.23 ± 1.55 | 0.98 ± 1.07 | 1.65 ± 2.10 | 0.08 | ||
| T‐ Bil, mg/dL | 14.7 ± 10.0 | 13.5 ± 9.9 | 16.7 ± 10.0 | 0.19 | ||
| AST, IU/L | 1,719 ± 2,817 | 1,880 ± 2,866 | 1,444 ± 2,764 | 0.53 | ||
| ALT, IU/L | 1,625 ± 2,176 | 1,775 ± 2,122 | 1,372 ± 2,283 | 0.45 | ||
| NH3, μg/dL | 68 ± 39 | 56 ± 28 | 87 ± 47 | 0.0006 | 0.006 | 47 (4.5–1440) |
| MELD score | 26 [5.5] | 24 [5.4] | 29 [7.5] | <0.0001 | 0.002 | 65 (7.4–1770) |
| Fibrosis markers | ||||||
| HA¶, ng/mL | 4,766 ± 7,641 | 2,437 ± 3,204 | 8,649 ± 10,833 | 0.0012 | 0.98 | – |
| 4COL7S#, ng/mL | 16.8 ± 6.5 | 14.8 ± 6.0 | 19.9 ± 6.1 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 7.4 (1.6–46) |
| WFA+‐M2BP**, COI | 10.7 ± 5.1 | 10.4 ± 5.0 | 11.2 ± 5.4 | 0.56 | – |
Data were collected at first presentation to a tertiary center. Data are shown as mean ± SD or median with interquartile range in brackets, as appropriate. *Significance for univariate analyses; †significance for multivariate analyses; ‡liver transplantation in seven cases; §including three cases of HEV, two cases of EBV, and one case of VZV; ||acute Budd–Chiari syndrome. Statistics were analyzed from ¶64 cases, #66 cases, and **60 cases. P < 0.05 was significant.
Abbreviations: AFP, alpha‐fetoprotein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CI, confidence interval; COI, cut‐off index; DILI, drug‐induced liver injury; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; F, female; HAV, hepatitis A virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HEV, hepatitis E virus; M, male; OR, odds ratio; T‐Bil, total bilirubin; VZV, varicella zoster virus.