Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients in the control and exenatide groups
| Control group (n = 43) | Exenatide group (n = 49) | Standardized difference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 69 [61–76] | 71 [63–75] | − 0.26 |
| Malesa | 36 (84%) | 46 (94%) | − 0.33 |
| ASA physical status IIIa | 41 (95%) | 46 (94%) | 0.06 |
| Comorbitiesa | |||
| Smoking | 21 (49%) | 28 (57%) | − 0.17 |
| Hypertension | 30 (70%) | 29 (59%) | 0.22 |
| Dyslipidemia | 25 (58%) | 30 (61%) | − 0.06 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg m−2) | 10 (23%) | 7 (14%) | 0.23 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 9 (21%) | 10 (20%) | 0.01 |
| Creatinine clearance (ml min−1) | 82 [74–93] | 82 [75–90] | 0.02 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg dl−1) | 105 [99–115] | 101 [94–112] | 0.23 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 5.7 [5.5–6.1] | 6.0 [5.6–6.3] | − 0.33 |
| Euroscore | 4.8 [3.5–7.3] | 5.4 [4.6–7.3] | − 0.07 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)a | |||
| < 30 | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | |
| 30–50 | 6 (14%) | 15 (31%) | |
| > 50 | 37 (86%) | 33 (67%) | |
| Surgical procedure | |||
| Number of bypass grafts | 3 [2–4] | 3 [2–4] | − 0.30 |
| Duration of surgery (min)b | 237 (58) | 251 (58) | − 0.24 |
| On-pump surgery | 29 (67%) | 33 (67%) | 0.00 |
| Duration of ECC (min)a | 67 [53–84] | 71 [59–91] | − 0.23 |
| Duration of aortic cross clamping (min)a | 61 [46–89] | 63 [52–79] | 0.16 |
| Maintenance of anesthesia | |||
| Sevofluranea | 8 (19) | 11 (22) | 0.80 |
| Propofola | 14 (32) | 16 (33) | 1.00 |
| Propofol and sevofluranea,c | 21 (49) | 22 (45) | 0.83 |
Data are median [interquartile range 25–75%]
ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, BMI body mass index, ECC extracorporeal circulation
aData are number of patients (percentage)
bData are mean (standard deviation)
cGeneral anesthesia was maintained with inhalation of sevoflurane until the start of cardiopulmonary bypass; then, the inhalation of sevoflurane was definitely stopped and target-controlled infusion of propofol was started and was proceeded until the end of general anesthesia