Table 3.
Regression results: total public healthcare expenditures (adjusted, log scale)
| Total costs | ||
|---|---|---|
| Variables | HCU# | Non-HCU& |
| Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | |
| Variance in probability of incurring costs, σ2u1 |
0.065 (0.026)* | |
| Variance in costs once incurred, σ2u2 |
0.0009 (0.0004)* | 0.001 (0.001)* |
| Covariance between σ2u1 and σ2u2 | 0.006 (0.003) | |
| Probability (costs≠0) | ||
| Intercept | 4.49 (0.16)* | |
| Age | −0.067 (0.002)* | |
| Sex, M | − 0.205 (0.03)* | |
| ADG | 1.018 (0.009)* | |
| Low income status | −0.129 (0.035)* | |
| Costs > 0 | ||
| Intercept | 9.74 (0.02)* | 5.946 (0.025)* |
| Age | 0.008 (0.0002)* | 0.016 (0.001)* |
| Sex, M | 0.064 (0.003)* | 0.044 (0.005)* |
| ADG | −0.011 (0.0004)* | 0.081 (0.001)* |
| Low income status | 0.018 (0.004)* | 0.134 (0.006)* |
| log_theta | 0.788 (0.003)* | 0.473 (0.004)* |
| R2 (part 1), % | 87.0% | |
| R2 (part 2), % | 1.6% | 19.7% |
| LRT (Chi2 dist, p < 0.05) | 2333.0 | 88,500.57 |
& - Estimated through GLMM; # - Estimated through a mixed effects two-part model; * - estimates were statistically significant at p < .05; ADGs- Aggregated Diagnosis Groups; HCU- high-cost user; LHIN – Local Health Integrated Network; Log-theta- the logarithm of the shape parameter of gamma distribution; LRT- likelihood ratio test; R2- coefficients of determination; SE- Standard Error