Fig. 1.

Newborn male mice reared on vancomycin or tap water from birth until 42 days of age were sensitized with TNF-α alone, TNF-α and peanut butter (PB) together or distilled water (H₂O) on Day 43. On Day 57, all mice were challenged with an ear punch coated in crude peanut extract (CPE) and scored for subsequent ear swelling and scratching reactions. One hour later, all mice were challenged with an injection of PB and scored for signs of allergy/scratching over 1 h, after which time all mice were sacrificed. Fecal samples were taken from mice throughout the study period and analyzed for their microbial contents using Illumina sequencing