Table 2.

Overview of the candidate biomarkers for predicting the retinoid treatment response in various human malignancies

Putative predictive biomarker	Tumor type	Experimental model	Reference
Biomarkers indicating retinoid resistance
MN1 overexpression	AML	83 newly diagnosed patients (60 years or older) treated in the trial NCT00151255	[28]
PML-RARA expression	APL	NB4 cell line	[32]
PLZF-RARA+RARA-PLZF expression	APL	Case reports of 6 patients with PLZF-RARA fusion genes with no clinically significant response to ATRA	[42]
IRF2BP2-RARA expression	APL	Case report of 1 patient resistant to ATRA	[44]
STAT5b-RARA expression	APL	Case report of 1 patient resistant to ATRA	[43]
PML L-type splicing variant in E5(−)E6(−) isoform	APL	Short report of 79 de novo patients	[57]
PML V-type splicing variant with spacer between PML-RARA	APL	Sequence analysis of RARα genomic region of 3 patients	[61]
FABP5 overexpression	PDAC	14 patient-derived cell lines	[71]
	BC	MCF-7 cell line	[17]
Truncated RARβ’ isoform expression	BC	MCF-7 cell line	[78]
ERBB2 expression	BC	MCF-7 and HER2/NEU transfected MCF-7 cell lines	[79]
CRABP1 expression	BC	FFPE breast tumor tissue samples, established cell lines	[81]
CRABP2 knockdown	PDAC	14 patient-derived cell lines	[71]
NF1 knockdown	NBL	Panel of 25 cell lines	[91]
HMGA2 expression	NBL	4 established cell lines	[96]
UNC45 expression	NBL	F9 mouse embryo teratocarcinoma cell line	[100]
Biomarkers indicating retinoid sensitivity
NuMA-RARA expression	APL	Frozen bone marrow samples	[40]
NPM1-RARA expression	APL	Cultured bone marrow cells from patient harvested at time of relapse	[41]
PLZF-RARA expression	APL	Case report of 62-year-old patient	[54]
RARα receptor overexpression	BC	2 established cell lines, tissue cultures of primary breast tumors, 42 established cell lines	[76, 77]
ZNF423 expression	NBL	Panel of 25 cell lines	[91]
PBX1 expression	NBL	16 established cell lines, 3 independent clinical datasets (ganglioneuromas n = 7, low-risk NBL n = 11, intermediate-risk NBL n = 5)	[88]
HOXC9 expression	NBL	3 established cell lines	[89]

AML acute myeloid leukemia, APL acute promyelocytic leukemia, PDAC pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, BC breast carcinoma, NBL neuroblastoma