Table 3.
Predictors of mortality using cox regression analysis
| Variables | Univariate HR | P value | Multivariate HR | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (per 5 years) | 1.36 (1.30–1.42) | < 0.001 | 1.21 (1.16–1.27) | < 0.001 |
| Female sex | 1.08 (0.90–1.30) | 0.39 | 0.65 (0.54–0.79) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1.35 (1.12–1.63) | 0.002 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 1.51 (1.27–1.80) | < 0.001 | 1.30 (1.08–1.55) | 0.005 |
| COPD | 1.63 (1.33–1.99) | < 0.001 | ||
| HFPEF | 1.11 (0.90–1.36) | 0.34 | ||
| Ischaemic aetiology | 1.09 (0.92–1.30) | 0.33 | ||
| NYHA class III-IV | 3.14 (2.63–3.74) | < 0.001 | 1.85 (1.53–2.24) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (per 10 mmHg) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.112 | ||
| Heart rate (per 10 bpm) | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 0.004 | ||
| BMI (1 kg/m2) | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | < 0.001 | ||
| ACE-I or ARB | 0.37 (0.29–0.46) | < 0.001 | 0.70 (0.55–0.89) | 0.004 |
| Beta blockers | 0.41 (0.33–0.51) | < 0.001 | 0.59 (0.47–0.74) | < 0.001 |
| Diuretics | 2.46 (1.77–3.42) | < 0.001 | 1.66 (1.19–2.31) | 0.005 |
| MRAs | 0.97 (0.82–1.16) | 0.77 | ||
| Digoxin | 1.26 (1.05–1.52) | 0.015 | ||
| ICD | 0.72 (0.52–0.98) | 0.039 | ||
| Iron deficiency | 1.32 (1.11–1.57) | 0.002 | 1.09 (0.91–1.31) | 0.337 |
| Haemoglobin (per 1 g/dL) | 0.78 (0.75–0.82) | < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) | < 0.001 |
| Log NT-proBNP (per 1 SD) | 1.93 (1.76–2.11) | < 0.001 | 1.49 (1.34–1.66) | < 0.001 |
| Sodium (per 5 mmol/L) | 0.78 (0.69–0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | 0.003 |
| eGFR (per 5 ml/min/1.73m2) | 0.89 (0.87–0.91) | < 0.001 |
HR Hazard Ratio, COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, HFPEF Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, NYHA New York Heart Association, BP Blood pressure, BMI Body mass index, ACE-I Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin II receptor blocker, MRAs Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, ICD Implantable cardioverter defibrillator, Log Logarithmic transformation, NTproBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, SD Standard deviation, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate
Variables introduced in the multivariate model were: Age, gender, ischaemic aetiology, systolic BP, HFPEF, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, COPD, BMI, NYHA functional class III-IV, haemoglobin, logNT-proBNP, eGFR, sodium, heart rate, treatment with beta blockers, ACE-i/ARBs, diuretics, digoxin and an ICD