Table 4.
Predictors of heart failure hospitalization using Cox regression analysis
| Variables | Univariate HR | P value | Multivariate HR | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (per 5 years) | 1.23 (1.18–1.29) | < 0.001 | 1.11 (1.05–1.17) | < 0.001 |
| Female sex | 1.50 (1.25–1.83) | < 0.001 | ||
| Hypertension | 1.47 (1.19–1.81) | < 0.001 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 1.46 (1.20–1.77) | < 0.001 | 1.26 (1.03–1.54) | 0.026 |
| COPD | 1.76 (1.41–2.19) | < 0.001 | 1.63 (1.28–2.07) | < 0.001 |
| HFPEF | 1.60 (1.30–1.97) | < 0.001 | 1.67 (1.31–2.18) | < 0.001 |
| Ischaemic aetiology | 1.14 (0.95–1.38) | 0.166 | 1.40 (1.12–1.73) | 0.003 |
| NYHA class III-IV | 2.55 (2.10–3.09) | < 0.001 | 1.64 (1.33–2.03) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (per 10 mmHg) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.123 | ||
| Heart rate (per 10 bpm) | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 0.005 | ||
| BMI (per 1 kg/m2) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.21 | ||
| ACE-I or ARB | 0.47 (0.37–0.61) | < 0.001 | ||
| Beta blockers | 0.46 (0.36–0.58) | < 0.001 | 0.71 (0.54–0.93) | 0.013 |
| Diuretics | 3.47 (2.28–5.28) | < 0.001 | 2.53 (1.64–3.91) | < 0.001 |
| MRAs | 1.10 (0.91–1.33) | 0.327 | ||
| Digoxin | 1.13 (0.91–1.40) | 0.263 | ||
| ICD | 0.91 (0.66–1.27) | 0.581 | ||
| Iron deficiency | 1.21 (1.00–1.47) | 0.047 | 0.96 (0.78–1.17) | 0.677 |
| Haemoglobin (per 1 g/dL) | 0.84 (0.80–0.89) | < 0.001 | ||
| Log NT-proBNP (per 1 SD) | 2.00 (1.87–2.15) | < 0.001 | 1.49 (1.32–1.68) | < 0.001 |
| Sodium (per 5 mmol/L) | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | 0.328 | ||
| eGFR (per 5 ml/min/1.73m2) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | < 0.001 |
HR Hazard Ratio, COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, HFPEF Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, NYHA New York Heart Association, BP Blood pressure, BMI Body mass index, ACE-I Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin II receptor blocker, MRAs Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, ICD Implantable cardioverter defibrillator, Log Logarithmic transformation, NTproBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, SD Standard deviation, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate
Variables introduced in the multivariate model were gender, age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, BMI, ischaemic aeetiology, systolic blood pressure, COPD, HFPEF, heart rate, NYHA functional class III-IV, haemoglobin, logNT-proBNP, eGFR and treatment with ACE-i/ARBs, beta blockers, diuretics and MRAs