Table 5.
Predictors of hospitalization due to any cause using Cox regression analysis
| Variables | Univariate HR | P value | Multivariate HR | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (per 5 years) | 1.17 (1.13–1.20) | < 0.001 | 1.06 (1.02–1.09) | 0.001 |
| Female sex | 1.29 (1.12–1.45) | < 0.001 | ||
| Hypertension | 1.42 (1.22–1.65) | < 0.001 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 1.46 (1.27–1.68) | < 0.001 | 1.23 (1.06–1.42) | 0.006 |
| COPD | 1.56 (1.32–1.84) | < 0.001 | 1.44 (1.21–1.71) | < 0.001 |
| HFPEF | 1.40 (1.20–1.63) | < 0.001 | 1.44 (1.21–1.73) | < 0.001 |
| Ischaemic aetiology | 1.16 (1.01–1.33) | 0.032 | 1.32 (1.14–1.54) | < 0.001 |
| NYHA class III-IV | 2.03 (1.77–2.34) | < 0.001 | 1.40 (1.20–1.64) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP (per 10 mmHg) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.522 | ||
| Heart rate (per 10 bpm) | 1.13 (1.08–1.19) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) | 0.006 |
| BMI (per 1 kg/m2) | 0.99 (0.97–0.99) | 0.033 | ||
| ACE-I or ARB | 0.50 (0.41–0.61) | < 0.001 | 0.80 (0.65–0.98) | 0.030 |
| Beta blockers | 0.51 (0.43–0.62) | < 0.001 | 0.69 (0.57–0.86) | 0.001 |
| Diuretics | 1.70 (1.36–2.12) | < 0.001 | 1.31 (1.04–1.65) | 0.022 |
| MRAs | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 0.488 | ||
| Digoxin | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 0.940 | ||
| ICD | 0.88 (0.69–1.12) | 0.284 | ||
| Iron deficiency | 1.21 (1.05–1.39) | 0.007 | 0.99 (0.86–1.14) | 0.857 |
| Haemoglobin (per 1 g/dL) | 0.85 (0.81–0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | 0.002 |
| LogNT-proBNP (per 1 SD) | 1.53 (1.42–1.64) | < 0.001 | 1.31 (1.20–1.42) | < 0.001 |
| Sodium (per 5 mmol/L) | 0.89 (0.80–0.98) | 0.023 | ||
| eGFR (per 5 ml/min/1.73m2) | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | < 0.001 |
HR Hazard Ratio, COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, HFPEF Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, NYHA New York Heart Association, BP Blood pressure, bpm beats per minute, BMI Body mass index, ACE-I Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin II receptor blocker, MRAs Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, ICD Implantable cardioverter defibrillator, Log Logarithmic transformation, NTproBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, SD Standard deviation, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate
We included the following variables in the multivariate analysis: Haemoglobin, sex, age, HFPEF, BMI, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, COPD, ischaemic aetiology, logNTproBNP, eGFR, serum sodium, systolic BP, heart rate, NYHA functional class III-IV and treatment with ACE-I/ARB, Beta-blockers and diuretics