Table 5.
Odds ratio (95% CI) of depression according to quartiles (Q) of fruits and vegetables intake
| Daily intake | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-trend* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total vegetables and fruits g/day (median) |
233.9 | 332.1 | 378.3 | 451.6 | |
| Cases of depressed | 55 | 19 | 17 | 10 | |
| Model 1 p |
11 (5.12–23.59) < 0.001 |
2.1 (0.92–4.8) 0.07 |
1.84 (0.79–4.25) 0.1 |
1 | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 p |
18.83 (7.96–44.51) < 0.001 |
2.98 (1.23–7.2) 0.01 |
2.47 (1.02–5.96) 0.04 |
1 | < 0.001 |
| Total vegetables g/day (median) |
125.4 | 176.6 | 203.2 | 245.8 | |
| Cases of depressed | 54 | 16 | 14 | 17 | |
| Model 1 p |
5.73 (2.98–11.01) < 0.001 |
0.93 (0.44–1.96) 0.8 |
0.79 (0.36–1.71) 0.5 |
1 | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 p |
4.43 (2.06–9.51) < 0.001 |
1.14 (0.50–2.59) 0.7 |
1.07 (0.46–2.5) 0.8 |
1 | 0.001 |
| Cruciferous vegetables g/day (median) |
2.5 | 3.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | |
| Cases of depressed | 44 | 24 | 22 | 11 | |
| Model 1 p |
4.92 (2.33–10.42) < 0.001 |
1.79 (0.82–3.91) 0.1 |
1.53 (0.69–3.37) 0.2 |
1 | 0.001 |
| Model 2 p |
1.6 (0.57–4.48) 0.3 |
0.94 (0.34–2.55) 0.9 |
1.29 (0.52–3.21) 0.5 |
1 | 0.6 |
| Green leafy vegetables g/day (median) |
14.3 | 21.6 | 24.8 | 31.6 | |
| Cases of depressed | 49 | 17 | 15 | 20 | |
| Model 1 p |
3.84 (2.05–7.19) < 0.001 |
0.81 (0.4–1.67) 0.5 |
0.7 (0.33–1.47) 0.3 |
1 | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 p |
1.61 (0.64–4.02) 0.3 |
0.55 (0.22–1.35) 0.1 |
0.58 (0.24–1.4) 0.2 |
1 | 0.02 |
| Dark yellow vegetables g/day (median) |
2.1 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 7.7 | |
| Cases of depressed | 34 | 25 | 20 | 22 | |
| Model 1 p |
1.82 (0.97–3.42) 0.06 |
1.18 (0.61–2.27) 0.6 |
0.88 (0.44–1.57) 0.7 |
1 | 0.03 |
| Model 2 P |
0.45 (0.18–1.09) 0.07 |
0.61 (0.26–1.41) 0.2 |
0.68 (0.3–1.53) 0.3 |
1 | 0.2 |
| Other vegetables g/day (median) |
102.7 | 144.6 | 166.2 | 190.3 | |
| Cases of depressed | 49 | 24 | 9 | 19 | |
| Model 1 p |
4.09 (2.17–7.73) < 0.001 |
1.34 (0.68–2.65) 0.3 |
0.42 (0.18–0.98) 0.04 |
1 | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 p |
2.05 (0.88–4.79) 0.09 |
1.43 (0.64–3.23) 0.3 |
0.5 (0.19–1.33) 0.1 |
1 | 0.07 |
| Total fruits g/day (median) |
108.3 | 155.6 | 180 | 209.2 | |
| Cases of depressed | 58 | 17 | 14 | 12 | |
| Model 1 p |
10.12 (4.91–20.85) < 0.001 |
1.5 (0.67–3.33) 0.3 |
1.19 (0.52–2.72) 0.6 |
1 | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 p |
11.08 (4.96–24.75) < 0.001 |
2.12 (0.90–5.01) 0.08 |
1.27 (0.54–2.99) 0.5 |
1 | < 0.001 |
| Berries fruits g/day (median) |
0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | |
| Cases of depressed | 53 | 20 | 12 | 16 | |
| Model 1 p |
5.72 (2.95–11.11) < 0.001 |
1.33 (0.64–2.75) 0.4 |
0.69 (0.30–1.54) 0.3 |
1 | 0.001 |
| Model 2 p |
2.77 (1.24–6.18) 0.01 |
0.81 (0.34–1.91) 0.6 |
0.68 (0.27–1.68) 0.4 |
1 | 0.3 |
| Citrus fruits g/day (median) |
24.7 | 34.3 | 36.4 | 37.6 | |
| Cases of depressed | 55 | 22 | 12 | 12 | |
| Model 1 p |
8.96 (4.36–18.42) < 0.001 |
2.06 (0.96–4.45) 0.06 |
1 (0.42–2.34) 1 |
1 | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 p |
3.14 (1.34–7.38) 0.008 |
1.27 (0.53–3.04) 0.5 |
0.68 (0.27–1.74) 0.4 |
1 | 0.004 |
| Other fruits g/day (median) |
85.1 | 121.1 | 141 | 167.4 | |
| Cases of depressed | 55 | 19 | 14 | 13 | |
| Model 1 p |
8.17 (4.04–16.52) < 0.001 |
1.57 (0.72–3.38) 0.2 |
1.08 (0.48–2.45) 0.8 |
1 | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 p |
4.93 (1.97–12.31) 0.001 |
1.61 (0.67–3.89) 0.2 |
1.03 (0.43–2.51) 0.9 |
1 | < 0.001 |
Model 1: unadjusted
Model 2: adjusted for age, body mass index, physical activity, energy intake and healthy eating index. Total vegetables and total fruits intake were mutually adjusted. For each vegetables and fruits sub-groups, other sub-groups of fruits and vegetables intake was adjusted
Fruits and vegetables are defined as in Tables 1 and 4
* Tests for trend were performed by entering the categorical variables as continuous parameters in the models