Table 4.

Risk assessment for bias the basic science studies

	Confounding Bias	Selection Bias	Classification Bias	Intervention Bias	Missing Data Bias	Measurement Bias	Reporting Bias	Bias
Pathophysiology
1995 Caillard	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	moderate
2004 Choi	py	py	pn	pn	py	n	py	critical
2006 Ludwig	py	py	n	n	n	n	n	serious
2009 Wester	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	moderate
2010 Harris	n	py	n	n	y	n	py	serious
2010 Fraser	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	moderate
2011 Pingitore	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	moderate
2016 Moon	y	y	n	n	n	n	n	serious
DX
2009 Shearer	y	py	pn	pn	pn	n	n	serious
RX
2016.1 Moon	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	moderate