Fig 5. THP-1-derived macrophages treated with AsPC-1 exosomes secrete bioactive molecules associated with tumor progression, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.

THP-1 macrophages treated with AsPC-1 exosomes secrete elevated amounts of prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) (A), angiogenic factor VEGF (C), cytokines and chemokines MCP-1, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα (B, D, F, G) and the metalloprotease MMP-9 (E). Exosomes from BxPC-3 also stimulated macrophage secretion of MCP-1, and exosomes from both BxPC-3 and HPDE cells significantly enhanced the secretion of MMP-9. Data from at least three independent experiments are represented as mean ± SEM. *****p<0.0005, ***p<0.005, *p<0.05.