. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Assessment. 2018 May 29;27(6):1320–1334. doi: 10.1177/1073191118773870

Table 2.

Participant Characteristics.

	NC	Early MCI	MCI	Combined sample	p
Sample size	174	27	131	332	—
Demographic characteristics
Age, years	72 ± 7	73 ± 6	73 ± 8	73 ± 7	.66
Sex, % female	41	26	44	41	.24
Race, % White/non-Hispanic	87	85	85	86	.88
Education, years	16 ± 3	16 ± 3	15 ± 3	16 ± 3	<.001^*^,§,¶
Biber Figure Learning Test performances
Trial 1	14.4 ± 5.4	11.1 ± 5.2	8.6 ± 5.4	11.8 ± 6.1	<.001^*^,‡,§,¶
Trial 2	24.4 ± 6.8	18.4 ± 7.1	14.2 ± 6.9	19.9 ± 8.4	<.001^*^,‡,§,¶
Trial 3	29.4 ± 7.3	23.9 ± 6.9	17.9 ± 7.7	24.4 ± 9.2	<.001^*^,‡,§,¶
Trial 4	32.5 ± 7.3	27.2 ± 6.2	19.8 ± 8.3	27.1 ± 9.7	<.001^*^,‡,§,¶
Trial 5	34.5 ± 7.1	29.4 ± 5.9	21.8 ± 9.4	29.1 ± 10.0	<.001^*^,‡,§,¶
Total Learning (Trials 1–5)	135 ± 31	110 ± 28	82 ± 35	112 ± 41	<.001^*^,‡,§,¶
Distractor Trial (Trial B)	11.7 ± 5.8	8.9 ± 4.8	7.3 ± 4.8	9.7 ± 5.7	<.001^*^,‡,§
Short Delay Free Recall	31.2 ± 8.1	26.3 ± 6.2	17.6 ± 9.8	25.4 ± 10.8	<.001^*^,‡,§,¶
Long Delay Free Recall	32.5 ± 7.6	28.0 ± 6.6	19.1 ± 9.9	26.8 ± 10.6	<.001^*^,‡,§,¶
Long Delay Recognition–Hits	14.0 ± 1.5	13.2 ± 1.6	12.5 ± 2.4	13.4 ± 2.0	<.001^*^,‡,§
Long Delay Recognition–Related False Alarms	0.9 ± 1.3	1.2 ± 1.3	2.3 ± 1.6	1.5 ± 1.6	<.001^*^,§,¶
Long Delay Recognition–Unrelated False Alarms	1.2 ± 1.9	2.5 ± 2.7	4.5 ± 3.7	2.6 ± 3.2	<.001^*^,‡,§,¶
Long Delay Recognition–Total False Alarms	2.1 ± 2.8	3.7 ± 3.7	6.8 ± 4.9	4.1 ± 4.4	<.001^*^,‡,§,¶
Long Delay Recognition–Discrimination	0.8 ± 0.2	0.7 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	0.7 ± 0.2	<.001^*^,‡,§,¶
Total Repetitions	0.2 ± 0.5	0.2 ± 0.4	0.3 ± 0.8	0.2 ± 0.6	.88
Total Intrusions	0.6 ± 1.5	0.3 ± 0.5	0.7 ± 3.2	0.6 ± 2.3	.18
Proactive Interference	−2.7 ± 5.7	−2.2 ± 5.2	−1.25 ± 4.8	−2.1 ± 5.4	.01^*^,§
Retroactive Interference	−3.3 ± 4.4	−3.2 ± 2.5	−4.2 ± 4.7	−3.7 ± 4.4	.32
Brain MRI measures
Right hippocampal volume, mm³	3875 ± 437	3741 ± 343	3613 ± 468	3759 ± 459	<.001^*^,§
Left hippocampal volume, mm³	3537 ± 425	3348 ± 323	3243 ± 467	3404 ± 456	<.001^*^,‡,§
Total hippocampal volume, mm³	7412 ± 840	7089 ± 629	6856 ± 878	7163 ± 879	<.001^*^,§
Right inferior lateral ventricle volume, mm³	807 ± 439	964 ± 652	1147 ± 747	956 ± 617	<.001^*^,§
Left inferior lateral ventricle volume, mm³	869 ± 471	1011 ± 615	1254 ± 836	1034 ± 675	<.001^*
Total inferior lateral ventricle volume, mm³	1676 ± 879	1974 ± 1232	2401 ± 1493	1990 ± 1235	<.001^*^,§
Intracranial volume, cm³	1377 ± 142	1406 ± 106	1380 ± 150	1381 ± 142	.47
White matter hyperintensity volume (log-transformed)	2.0 ± 1.0	2.2 ± 0.7	2.5 ± 1.0	2.2 ± 1.0	<.001^*^,§
Cerebrospinal fluid markers
Amyloid-β₄₂, pg/mL	757 ± 230	817 ± 282	620 ± 234	713 ± 246	.001^*^,§,¶
Total-tau, pg/mL	373 ± 175	429 ± 125	505 ± 289	427 ± 228	.011^*^,§
Phosphorylated-tau, pg/mL	56 ± 22	63 ± 17	68 ± 31	61 ± 26	.049^*^,§
Neurofilament light, pg/mL	936 ± 453	1088 ± 465	1253 ± 718	1069 ± 583	.003^*^,§

Note. NC = cognitively normal control; MCI = mild cognitive impairment. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation or frequencies.

p < .05.

^‡

NC > early MCI.

^§

NC > MCI;

^¶

Early MCI > MCI.