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. 2018 Nov 1;8:16172. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34343-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Distribution of (a) the observed SST anomaly (detrended component) in August/September 2017 and (b) the reconstructed SST anomaly by combined impacts of the ENSO, the AMM, and the NAO. Green boxes denote the eastern Main Development Region (EMDR). (c) Six bars in the graph in the right panel represent the SST anomaly over the EMDR by total, long-term linear trend, climate variation (i.e., departure from long-term linear trend), ENSO impact, AMM impact, and the NAO impact, respectively.