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. 2018 Nov 1;8:16172. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34343-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Distribution of rankings corresponding to the anomalies of each key quantity during August/September 2017. Rankings are calculated over 1995–2017, the recent period of above-average tropical cyclone (TC) activity on decadal time scale. Ranking values are shaded only for the first top six rankings (1st – 6th). Key quantities investigated here, which play a crucial role in TC activity, are SST and ocean heat content (ocean impact), vertical wind shear and sea level pressure (dynamical impact), potential intensity and outflow temperature (thermodynamical impact). The blue lines in (a) are the TC tracks observed in August/September 2017. Contour lines in (d) represent the sea level pressure anomaly distribution. Black boxes denote the eastern Main Development Region (EMDR).