Table 4.
Postmortem concentrations in different biological samples for synthetic opioids (median, range, number of cases).
| Analyte | Blood (ng/mL) | Vitreous humor (ng/mL) | Brain (ng/g) | Liver (ng/g) | Urine (ng/mL) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Femoral | Cardiac | Subclavian | Non-specified | |||||
| 3-Methylfentanyl | – | – | – | 0.4 (0.3–0.9) n = 3 | – | – | – | – |
| 4–fluorobutyr fentanyl | – | – | – | 91–112 n = 2 |
– | 248 n = 1 |
902 n = 1 |
200 n = 1 |
| Acetylfentanyl | 223.5 (16–600) n = 12 |
270 (170–2,100) n = 11 |
220 n = 1 |
– | 140–240 n = 2 |
620 n = 1 |
1,000–1,100 n = 2 |
2,660 (240–3,420) n = 4 |
| Acrylfentanyl | 0.2 (0.01–5) n = 42 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Butyryl fentanyl | 99 (66–145.2) n = 3 |
60.5 (39–220) n = 3 |
– | – | 32 n = 1 |
93–200 n = 2 |
41–57 n = 2 |
64 n = 1 |
| Carfentanil | 0.2 (0.01–0.5) n = 9 |
0.1–0.2 n = 2 |
0.03 n = 1 |
– | – | – | – | – |
| Fentanyl | 11 (1–60) n = 207 |
13 (1.8–139) n = 81 |
– | 13 (2–383) n = 66 |
14.8 (8–20) n = 4 |
49 n = 1 |
78 (5.8–16,983) n = 99 |
97 (2.9–1,200) n = 31 |
| Furanyl fentanyl | 2.7 (0.4–42.9) n = 13 |
2.8 n = 1 |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ocfentanyl | 9.1 (3.7–15.3) n = 3 |
23.3 (3.9–27.9) n3 |
– | – | 12.5 n = 1 |
37.9 n = 1 |
31.2 n = 1 |
6–480 n = 2 |
| AH–7921 | 350 (30–9,100) n = 13 |
480–3,900 n = 2 |
– | – | 190 n = 1 |
7,700 n = 1 |
530–26,000 n = 2 |
760–6,000 n = 2 |
| MT–45 | 520–660 n = 2 |
1,300 n = 1 |
– | – | 260 n = 1 |
– | 24,000 n = 1 |
370 n = 1 |
| U–47700 | 358 (189–1,460) n = 12 |
691.5 (260–1,347) n = 4 |
– | – | 130 (90–170) n = 2 |
(0.9–380) n = 3 |
142.1 (3.1–1,700) n = 4 |
1620.5 (360–4,600) n = 4 |
3-Methylfentanyl references: (Ojanperä et al., 2006).
4-fluorobutyr fentanyl references: (Rojkiewicz et al., 2017).
Acetylfentanyl references: (Pearson et al., 2015; Poklis et al., 2015; Cunningham et al., 2016; Fort et al., 2016; McIntyre et al., 2016a; Takase et al., 2016; Yonemitsu et al., 2016; Dwyer et al., 2018).
Acrylfentanyl references: (Butler et al., 2017; Guerrieri et al., 2017b).
Butyryl fentanyl references: (Poklis et al., 2016; Staeheli et al., 2016).
Carfentanil references: (Shanks and Behonick, 2017; Swanson et al., 2017; Hikin et al., 2018).
Fentanyl references: (Anderson and Muto, 2000; Kuhlman et al., 2003; Martin et al., 2006; Coopman et al., 2007; Biedrzycki et al., 2009; Carson et al., 2010; Krinsky et al., 2011, 2014; Palamalai et al., 2013; Marinetti and Ehlers, 2014; McIntyre et al., 2014; Bakovic et al., 2015; Moore et al., 2015; Pearson et al., 2015; Poklis et al., 2015; Rodda et al., 2017; Dwyer et al., 2018).
Furanyl fentanyl references: (Mohr et al., 2016; Guerrieri et al., 2017a; Martucci et al., 2017; Papsun et al., 2017).
Ocfentanyl references: (Coopman et al., 2016; Dussy et al., 2016; Allibe et al., 2018).
AH-7921 references: (Karinen et al., 2014; Kronstrand et al., 2014; Vorce et al., 2014; Fels et al., 2017).
MT-45 references: (Papsun et al., 2016; Fels et al., 2017).
U-47700 references: (Elliott et al., 2016; Mohr et al., 2016; Dziadosz et al., 2017; Papsun et al., 2017; Rohrig et al., 2017).