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. 2018 Nov 1;8:16173. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34571-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Analysis of plasma SCFAs in caffeine-, chlorogenic acid-, and coffee-treated groups and in age-matched TSNO mice. (a–d) Concentrations of the major SCFAs (a, acetate; b, propionate; and c, butyrate) and the ratio of acetate to propionate plus butyrate (d). (e–h) The concentrations of the minor SCFAs (e, valerate; and f, hexanoate) and the concentration of total plasma SCFAs (h). The Concentration of the precursor of SCFAs, lactate, was also determined (g). Data are means ± SEM (n = 3). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001 versus non-treated TSOD mice.