Table 4.

Sensory impairments and cognitive impairment (female N=2,167)

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Sensory impairments
No sensory impairments (Ref.)
Vision impairment only	1.71***	1.35–2.18	1.55**	1.20–2.00	1.12	0.84–1.50	1.09	0.82–1.46
Hearing impairment only	4.52***	2.85–7.17	3.23**	1.95–5.36	2.53**	1.47–4.36	2.44**	1.42–4.22
Dual sensory impairment	8.71***	5.97–12.70	4.83***	3.20–7.30	2.80***	1.77–4.41	2.73***	1.73–4.31
Age			1.10***	1.08–1.12	1.08***	1.05–1.10	1.07***	1.05–1.10
Married			1.05	0.82–1.33	1.03	0.80–1.33	1.03	0.79–1.33
Educational attainment
No education (Ref.)
Elementary school completed			0.49***	0.38–0.64	0.48***	0.36–0.64	0.51***	0.38–0.67
Middle school completed			1.31	0.90–1.90	1.53*	1.05–2.25	1.75**	1.18–2.59
High school completed			1.43	0.94–2.17	1.52	0.98–2.35	1.79*	1.14–2.80
Some college or more			1.37	0.66–2.86	1.58	0.75–3.34	2.02	0.93–4.37
Household income (logged)			0.94	0.84–1.06	0.92	0.82–1.04	0.94	0.83–1.06
Poor self-rated health					1.20	0.91–1.57	1.14	0.87–1.50
Number of ADLs					0.97	0.84–1.12	0.97	0.84–1.12
Number of IADLs					1.28***	1.19–1.38	1.27***	1.17–1.37
Number of chronic conditions					1.03	0.93–1.14	1.04	0.94–1.15
Depressed					2.02***	1.56–2.61	2.00***	1.54–2.58
Current smoking							0.56	0.26–1.24
Normal drinking							1.10	0.74–1.62
Regular exercise							0.73*	0.54–0.98
Normal weight							1.08	0.86–1.37
Number of social activities							0.79*	0.65–0.95
-2 loglikelihood	2180.3		1997.3		1847.4		1833.3

^*p<0.05,

^**p<0.01,

^***p<0.001.

OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, Ref.: reference group, ADL: activities of daily living, IADL: instrumental activities of daily living