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. 2018 Sep 19;15(10):945–955. doi: 10.30773/pi.2018.07.22

Table 1.

Characteristics of studies included in the present meta-analysis

Authors TMT-A(N) TMT-B(N) Mean age (years) % Male Patients status Education (years) Duration of illness (years) Psychopathological evaluation Patients medication Schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis Substance abused
Katsanis and Iacono [22] 65 Scz 65 Scz 28.15 87 Inpatients NA 9.51 BPRS: 33.53 62 Scz on antipsychotics 65 Chronic schizophrenia No
GAF: 36.74 44 Scz on AP agents
NSI: 5.33 4 Scz on lithium carbonate
PSI: 6.93 4 Scz on AD
12 Scz on minor tranquilizers
Goldberg et al. [23] NA 57 Scz 34.00 53 Inpatients NA 11.1 BPRS 13 Scz on antipsychotics 57 Schizophrenia No
Positive symptoms: 21.1 15 Scz on antipsychotics and AD
Negative symptoms: 9.2 1 Scz on lithium
11 Scz on lithium and antipsychotics
3 Scz on AD
1 Scz on others
3 Scz drug naive
Lapierre et al. [24] 31 Scz 31 Scz 36.00 100 Outpatients 10 NA PANSSP: 13 All Scz on several psychiatric medications 31 Schizophrenia Yes (16/31)
PANSSN: 14
15 HC 15 HC 33.87 67 19.17 None
Docherty et al. [25] NA 26 Scz 32.00 80 Outpatients 13 10 GAF: 53 All Scz on antipsychotics 26 Stable schizophrenia No
8 Scz on typical antipsychotics
18 Scz on atypical antipsychotics
9 Scz on AP agents
6 Scz on MS
12 Scz on others
van der Gaag et al. [26] (a) 21 Scz 21 Scz 30.40 62 Inpatients Scale: 4.3 9.9 NA All on stable antipsychotics 21 Schizophrenia No
6 Scz on clozapine
36 Scz on typical antipsychotics
van der Gaag et al. [26] (b) 21 Scz 21 Scz 31.70 67 Inpatients Scale: 4.7 9.6 NA 21 Schizophrenia No
Martínez-Arán et al. [27] 49 Scz 49 Scz 30.40 78 Outpatients 11.3 NA GAF: 69.8 45 Scz on typical antipsychotics 49 Schizophrenia No
PANSSP: 11.5 4 Scz on atypical antipsychotics
PANSSN: 22.5 22 Scz on AD
4 Scz on MS
Velligan et al. [28] (a) 15 Scz 15 Scz 39.33 53 Outpatients 11.2 NA BPRS positive: 2.62 13 Scz on atypical antipsychotics 11 Schizophrenia/4 Schizoaffective disorder Yes (2/15)
NSA total: 72.47
Velligan et al. [28] (b) 15 Scz 15 Scz 38.93 60 Outpatients 11.2 NA BPRS positive: 3.32 10 Scz on atypical antipsychotics 11 Schizophrenia/4 Schizoaffective disorder Yes (2/15)
NSA total: 70.40
Holthausen et al. [29] 118 Scz 118 Scz 23.30 74 NA Scale: 4 NA PANSSP*: 2.22 25 Scz on typical antipsychotics 84 Schizophrenia/15 Schizoaffective disorder/19 Schizophreniform disorder Yes (99/118)
PANSSN*: 2.33 75 Scz on atypical antipsychotics
45 HC 45 HC 24.00 84 Scale: 5.4 None 18 Scz did not use antipsychotics
10 Scz on AC
Pukrop et al. [30] NA 66 Scz 30.10 70 Inpatients NA NA PANSSP: 16.5 35 Scz unmedicated 61 Paranoid/2 Disorganized/3 Undifferentiated schizophrenia No
PANSSN: 20.1 4 Scz on typical antipsychotic
NA 45 HC 29.60 31 NA None 27 Scz on atypical antipsychotics
Combs and Qouvier [31] 65 Scz 65 Scz 40.7 55 NA 11.2 18.2 BPRS: 53.8 15 Scz on typical antipsychotics 65 Chronic schizophrenia No
34 Scz on atypical antipsychotics
16 Scz on both antipsychotics
36 Scz on AC agents
Herman [17] (a) 35 Scz 35 Scz 42.17 N.a. Inpatients 10.9 NA BPRS: 55.55 12 Scz on typical antipsychotics 35 Schizophrenia No
32 Scz on atypical antipsychotics
Herman [17] (b) 44 Scz 43 Scz 30.86 N.a. Inpatients 11.26 NA BPRS: 45.60 13 Scz on typical antipsychotics 44 Schizophrenia Yes (44/44)
33 Scz on atypical antipsychotics
Docherty [32] 47 Scz 47 Scz 43.00 83 Inpatients 13 NA BPRS: 49 NA 47 Schizophrenia No
GAF: 42
36 HC 36 HC 42.00 39 14 None
Keri et al. [33] NA 72 Scz NA 65 Outpatients N.a. NA BPRS: 30.4 20 Scz on typical antipsychotics 72 Schizophrenia No
NA 60 HC NA 67 N.a. None 51 Scz on atypical antipsychotics
Mortimer et al. [34] (a) 9 Scz 8 Scz N.a. NA NA NA NA BPRS: 30.8 (N=ll) Patients on antipsychotics, AD, AC and/or benzodiazepine medications (N=NA) Schizophrenia/Schizophreniform disorder NA
Predominant positive symptomatology
Mortimer et al. [34] (b) 14Scz 14 Scz N.a. NA NA NA NA BPRS score: 35.3 (N=16) (N=NA) Schizophrenia/S chizophreniform disorder NA
Predominant positive symptomatology
Thornton et al. [35] 48 Scz 47 Scz 35.90 64 Inpatients 11.4 14.5 NA 44 Scz on antipsychotic medication 39 Schizophrenia/11 Schizoaffective disorder No
Yi et al. [36] (a) 9 Scz 9 Scz 41.40 78 Outpatients 12.3 NA PANSSP: 14.4 Patients on antipsychotics (N=NA) Schizophrenia/Schizoaffective disorder No
PANSSN: 14.6
Yi et al. [36] (b) 10 Scz 10 Scz 39.70 70 Outpatients 12.8 NA PANSSP: 13.9 Patients on antipsychotics (N=NA) Schizophrenia/Schizoaffective disorder No
PANSSN: 17.5
Hasan et al. [37] (a) 73 Scz 71 Scz 36.40 86 Inpatients and outpatients 11.5 NA PANSSP: 14.2 (N=67) Patients on stable antipsychotics 73 schizophrenia No
PANSSN: 25.6 (N=68)
Hasan et al. [37] (b) 78 Scz 76 Scz 35.50 72 Inpatients and outpatients 11.2 NA PANSSP: 13.0 (N=71) Patients on stable antipsychotics 78 schizophrenia No
PANSSN: 25.2 (N=74)
Huang et al. [38] 92 Scz 92 Scz 22.86 39 NA 10.77 12.26 PANSSP: 23.88 Drug naive 92 first-episode schizophrenia NA
PANSSN: 19.30
57 HC 57 HC 23.84 42 11.77 None
Schuepbach et al. [39] 15 Scz 15 Scz 33.20 67 10 inpatients and 5 outpatients 12.77 10.43 BPRS: 36.53 Patients on antipsychotics 15 chronic schizophrenia No
15 HC 15 HC 33.87 67 19.17 None 4 Scz on AD and/or MS
*

standardized PANSS ratings ranging from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme).

AC: anticholinergic, AD: antidepressant, AP: antiparkinsonian, BPRS: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, GAF: Global Assessment of Functioning, HC: healthy controls, MS: mood stabilizers, N: total number, NA: not available, NSI: Negative Symptom Index, PANSSN: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Negative, PANSSP: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Positive, PSI: Positive Symptom Index, Scz: schizophrenia patients