Table 1.
Authors | TMT-A(N) | TMT-B(N) | Mean age (years) | % Male | Patients status | Education (years) | Duration of illness (years) | Psychopathological evaluation | Patients medication | Schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis | Substance abused |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Katsanis and Iacono [22] | 65 Scz | 65 Scz | 28.15 | 87 | Inpatients | NA | 9.51 | BPRS: 33.53 | 62 Scz on antipsychotics | 65 Chronic schizophrenia | No |
GAF: 36.74 | 44 Scz on AP agents | ||||||||||
NSI: 5.33 | 4 Scz on lithium carbonate | ||||||||||
PSI: 6.93 | 4 Scz on AD | ||||||||||
12 Scz on minor tranquilizers | |||||||||||
Goldberg et al. [23] | NA | 57 Scz | 34.00 | 53 | Inpatients | NA | 11.1 | BPRS | 13 Scz on antipsychotics | 57 Schizophrenia | No |
Positive symptoms: 21.1 | 15 Scz on antipsychotics and AD | ||||||||||
Negative symptoms: 9.2 | 1 Scz on lithium | ||||||||||
11 Scz on lithium and antipsychotics | |||||||||||
3 Scz on AD | |||||||||||
1 Scz on others | |||||||||||
3 Scz drug naive | |||||||||||
Lapierre et al. [24] | 31 Scz | 31 Scz | 36.00 | 100 | Outpatients | 10 | NA | PANSSP: 13 | All Scz on several psychiatric medications | 31 Schizophrenia | Yes (16/31) |
PANSSN: 14 | |||||||||||
15 HC | 15 HC | 33.87 | 67 | 19.17 | None | ||||||
Docherty et al. [25] | NA | 26 Scz | 32.00 | 80 | Outpatients | 13 | 10 | GAF: 53 | All Scz on antipsychotics | 26 Stable schizophrenia | No |
8 Scz on typical antipsychotics | |||||||||||
18 Scz on atypical antipsychotics | |||||||||||
9 Scz on AP agents | |||||||||||
6 Scz on MS | |||||||||||
12 Scz on others | |||||||||||
van der Gaag et al. [26] (a) | 21 Scz | 21 Scz | 30.40 | 62 | Inpatients | Scale: 4.3 | 9.9 | NA | All on stable antipsychotics | 21 Schizophrenia | No |
6 Scz on clozapine | |||||||||||
36 Scz on typical antipsychotics | |||||||||||
van der Gaag et al. [26] (b) | 21 Scz | 21 Scz | 31.70 | 67 | Inpatients | Scale: 4.7 | 9.6 | NA | 21 Schizophrenia | No | |
Martínez-Arán et al. [27] | 49 Scz | 49 Scz | 30.40 | 78 | Outpatients | 11.3 | NA | GAF: 69.8 | 45 Scz on typical antipsychotics | 49 Schizophrenia | No |
PANSSP: 11.5 | 4 Scz on atypical antipsychotics | ||||||||||
PANSSN: 22.5 | 22 Scz on AD | ||||||||||
4 Scz on MS | |||||||||||
Velligan et al. [28] (a) | 15 Scz | 15 Scz | 39.33 | 53 | Outpatients | 11.2 | NA | BPRS positive: 2.62 | 13 Scz on atypical antipsychotics | 11 Schizophrenia/4 Schizoaffective disorder | Yes (2/15) |
NSA total: 72.47 | |||||||||||
Velligan et al. [28] (b) | 15 Scz | 15 Scz | 38.93 | 60 | Outpatients | 11.2 | NA | BPRS positive: 3.32 | 10 Scz on atypical antipsychotics | 11 Schizophrenia/4 Schizoaffective disorder | Yes (2/15) |
NSA total: 70.40 | |||||||||||
Holthausen et al. [29] | 118 Scz | 118 Scz | 23.30 | 74 | NA | Scale: 4 | NA | PANSSP*: 2.22 | 25 Scz on typical antipsychotics | 84 Schizophrenia/15 Schizoaffective disorder/19 Schizophreniform disorder | Yes (99/118) |
PANSSN*: 2.33 | 75 Scz on atypical antipsychotics | ||||||||||
45 HC | 45 HC | 24.00 | 84 | Scale: 5.4 | None | 18 Scz did not use antipsychotics | |||||
10 Scz on AC | |||||||||||
Pukrop et al. [30] | NA | 66 Scz | 30.10 | 70 | Inpatients | NA | NA | PANSSP: 16.5 | 35 Scz unmedicated | 61 Paranoid/2 Disorganized/3 Undifferentiated schizophrenia | No |
PANSSN: 20.1 | 4 Scz on typical antipsychotic | ||||||||||
NA | 45 HC | 29.60 | 31 | NA | None | 27 Scz on atypical antipsychotics | |||||
Combs and Qouvier [31] | 65 Scz | 65 Scz | 40.7 | 55 | NA | 11.2 | 18.2 | BPRS: 53.8 | 15 Scz on typical antipsychotics | 65 Chronic schizophrenia | No |
34 Scz on atypical antipsychotics | |||||||||||
16 Scz on both antipsychotics | |||||||||||
36 Scz on AC agents | |||||||||||
Herman [17] (a) | 35 Scz | 35 Scz | 42.17 | N.a. | Inpatients | 10.9 | NA | BPRS: 55.55 | 12 Scz on typical antipsychotics | 35 Schizophrenia | No |
32 Scz on atypical antipsychotics | |||||||||||
Herman [17] (b) | 44 Scz | 43 Scz | 30.86 | N.a. | Inpatients | 11.26 | NA | BPRS: 45.60 | 13 Scz on typical antipsychotics | 44 Schizophrenia | Yes (44/44) |
33 Scz on atypical antipsychotics | |||||||||||
Docherty [32] | 47 Scz | 47 Scz | 43.00 | 83 | Inpatients | 13 | NA | BPRS: 49 | NA | 47 Schizophrenia | No |
GAF: 42 | |||||||||||
36 HC | 36 HC | 42.00 | 39 | 14 | None | ||||||
Keri et al. [33] | NA | 72 Scz | NA | 65 | Outpatients | N.a. | NA | BPRS: 30.4 | 20 Scz on typical antipsychotics | 72 Schizophrenia | No |
NA | 60 HC | NA | 67 | N.a. | None | 51 Scz on atypical antipsychotics | |||||
Mortimer et al. [34] (a) | 9 Scz | 8 Scz | N.a. | NA | NA | NA | NA | BPRS: 30.8 (N=ll) | Patients on antipsychotics, AD, AC and/or benzodiazepine medications | (N=NA) Schizophrenia/Schizophreniform disorder | NA |
Predominant positive symptomatology | |||||||||||
Mortimer et al. [34] (b) | 14Scz | 14 Scz | N.a. | NA | NA | NA | NA | BPRS score: 35.3 (N=16) | (N=NA) Schizophrenia/S chizophreniform disorder | NA | |
Predominant positive symptomatology | |||||||||||
Thornton et al. [35] | 48 Scz | 47 Scz | 35.90 | 64 | Inpatients | 11.4 | 14.5 | NA | 44 Scz on antipsychotic medication | 39 Schizophrenia/11 Schizoaffective disorder | No |
Yi et al. [36] (a) | 9 Scz | 9 Scz | 41.40 | 78 | Outpatients | 12.3 | NA | PANSSP: 14.4 | Patients on antipsychotics | (N=NA) Schizophrenia/Schizoaffective disorder | No |
PANSSN: 14.6 | |||||||||||
Yi et al. [36] (b) | 10 Scz | 10 Scz | 39.70 | 70 | Outpatients | 12.8 | NA | PANSSP: 13.9 | Patients on antipsychotics | (N=NA) Schizophrenia/Schizoaffective disorder | No |
PANSSN: 17.5 | |||||||||||
Hasan et al. [37] (a) | 73 Scz | 71 Scz | 36.40 | 86 | Inpatients and outpatients | 11.5 | NA | PANSSP: 14.2 (N=67) | Patients on stable antipsychotics | 73 schizophrenia | No |
PANSSN: 25.6 (N=68) | |||||||||||
Hasan et al. [37] (b) | 78 Scz | 76 Scz | 35.50 | 72 | Inpatients and outpatients | 11.2 | NA | PANSSP: 13.0 (N=71) | Patients on stable antipsychotics | 78 schizophrenia | No |
PANSSN: 25.2 (N=74) | |||||||||||
Huang et al. [38] | 92 Scz | 92 Scz | 22.86 | 39 | NA | 10.77 | 12.26 | PANSSP: 23.88 | Drug naive | 92 first-episode schizophrenia | NA |
PANSSN: 19.30 | |||||||||||
57 HC | 57 HC | 23.84 | 42 | 11.77 | None | ||||||
Schuepbach et al. [39] | 15 Scz | 15 Scz | 33.20 | 67 | 10 inpatients and 5 outpatients | 12.77 | 10.43 | BPRS: 36.53 | Patients on antipsychotics | 15 chronic schizophrenia | No |
15 HC | 15 HC | 33.87 | 67 | 19.17 | None | 4 Scz on AD and/or MS |
standardized PANSS ratings ranging from 1 (absent) to 7 (extreme).
AC: anticholinergic, AD: antidepressant, AP: antiparkinsonian, BPRS: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, GAF: Global Assessment of Functioning, HC: healthy controls, MS: mood stabilizers, N: total number, NA: not available, NSI: Negative Symptom Index, PANSSN: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Negative, PANSSP: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Positive, PSI: Positive Symptom Index, Scz: schizophrenia patients