Table 1.

Summary of candidate biomarkers to monitor β-cell stress and death in T1DM

Candidate biomarker	Results from patients with T1DM	Source
PI/C ratio	Increased PI/C ratio in autoantibody-positive patients who progressed to T1DM	Schopman et al. (2015) [69]
	Increased PI/C ratio was a predictor of T1DM onset	Sims et al. (2016) [43]
miRNA-375	Increased miRNA-375 in serum after autologous/allogeneic islet transplantation	Kanak et al. (2015) [45]
miRNA-152, miRNA-30a-5p, miRNA-181a	Increased in serum in patients with recent-onset T1DM	Nielsen et al. (2012) [44]
unmethylated INS DNA	Increased in patients receiving allogeneic islet transplantation	Husseiny et al. (2014) [46]

PI/C, proinsulin/C-peptide; INS, insulin gene; miRNA, micro-RNA; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus.