Figure 9.

Pore creation in supported and suspended graphene by SHI irradiation. (a,b) MD simulations of SHI irradiation of graphene. (a) Results for graphene on a SiO${}_2$ substrate. Large pores can be created by individual impacts, the size of which can be controlled via the electronic stopping of the projectile. Data is shown for $d{E}_{el}/dx$ values of (1) 6.5 keV/nm, (2) 8 keV/nm, (3) 10 keV/nm, (4) 12 keV/nm. Only graphene is shown for clarity. Reprinted from from Ref. [117], Copyright (2015), with permission from Elsevier. (b) Results for graphene without substrate. Again, the pore size increases with increasing electronic stopping. Reprinted from Ref. [124], Copyright (2017), with permission from Elsevier. (c,d) Scanning electron microscope images from graphene/polymer membranes which have been irradiated with SHI and subsequently etched. Composite membranes with nanometer-sized pores in the graphene can be obtained in this way. (c) Reprinted from from Ref. [126], Copyright (2016), with permission from Elsevier; (d) Reproduced from Ref. [127] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry.