Figure 1.

Human pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) pulmonary arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (PAVSMC) have increased secretion of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1). Human non-diseased (Control) and PAH PAVSMC were incubated for 48 h in cultural media supplemented with 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA); then media was collected and protein levels of TGF-β1 (A), Activin A (B), and Gremlin 1 (Grem1) (C) were measured in conditioned media by quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (A,B) or immunoblot analysis (C). Data are means ± SE; * p < 0.05 by Mann-Whitney U test vs. control; n = 3–4 subjects/group. N-S—non-specific.