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Human PAH PAVSMC have reduced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3. (A) Human non-diseased (Control) and PAH PAVSMC were incubated for 48 h in cultural media with 0.1% BSA followed by immunoblot analysis to detect indicated proteins; (B–E) Data are means ± SE; * p < 0.05 by Mann-Whitney U test vs. control; n = 4 subjects/group.
