Figure 4.

Effect of inhibitory antibodies to Activin A, Gremlin 1 and TGF-β on Smad phosphorylation status in human non-diseased and PAH PAVSMC. Cells, serum-deprived for 48 h, were treated with 3.5 nM antibodies to Activin A, Gremlin 1 and TGF-β or control IgG in the presence or absence of 10 ng/mL PDGF-BB for 18 h, and immunoblot analysis to detect indicated proteins was performed. (A) Representative immunoblots from three experiments, each performed on the cells from different human subject; (B) Data represent fold changes in P/total protein ratios with P/total ratio for control IgG without stimulation taken as 1 fold. Data are means ± SE; * p < 0.05 by Mann-Whitney U test; n = 3 subjects/group.