BMP	Bone morphogenetic protein
BrdU	Bromodeoxyuridine
BSA	Bovine serum albumin
CM	Conditioned medium
ELISA	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinases
ET-1	Endothelin-1
LAP	Latency-associated protein
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
PA	Pulmonary artery
PAEC	Pulmonary arterial endothelial cells
PAH	Pulmonary arterial hypertension
PAI-1	Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
PAVSMC	Pulmonary artery vascular smooth muscle cell
PDGF	Platelet-derived growth factor
PDGFR	Platelet-derived growth factor receptor
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
R-Smad	Regulated Smad
RTK	Receptor tyrosine kinases
RV	Right ventricle
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor β