Table 2.
Changes in macro and micronutrients from baseline to 3 and 12 months.
| Macro/Micronutrients | Baseline | 3 Months (Difference) | 12 Months (Difference) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IG (Advice + Application) Mean ± SD |
CG (Advice) Mean ± SD |
IG (Advice + Application) Mean (95% CI) |
CG (Advice) Mean (95% CI) |
IG (Advice + Application) Mean (95% CI) |
CG (Advice) Mean (95% CI) |
|
| Energy intake (Kcal/day) | 2496 ± 753 | 2450 ± 816 | −63 (−137 to 12) | − 138 (−206 to −69) ** | −114 (−191 to −36) ** | −108 (−184 to − 31) ** |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 42.2 ± 6.6 | 42.5 ± 7.4 | 0.2 (−0.5 to 1.0) | −0.8 (−1.5 to −0.1) * | 1.0 (0.1 to 1.9) * | −0.3 (−1.0 to 0.5) |
| Protein (% of energy) | 17.6 ± 3.2 | 17.6 ± 3.4 | 0.2 (−0.2 to 0.6) | 0.3 (−0.0 to 0.7) | −0.3 (−0.7 to 0.1) | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.4) |
| Total fat (% of energy) | 37.7 ± 6.4 | 37.3 ± 6.5 | −0.7 (−1.4 to −0.1) * | 0.4 (−0.3 to 1.0) | −1.0 (−1.8 to −0.1) * | 0.3 (−0.4 to 1.0) |
| Saturated fat (% of energy) | 11.0 ± 2.7 | 10.8 ± 2.4 | −0.4 (−0.7 to −0.1) ** | −0.2 (−0.4 to 0.1) | −0.6 (−0.9 to −0.3) ** | −0.1 (−0.3 to 0.2) |
| Monounsaturated fat (% of energy) | 16.7 ± 3.6 | 16.4 ± 3.9 | −0.4 (−0.8 to 0.0) * | 0.3 (−0.1 to 0.7) | −0.2 (−0.7 to 0.3) | 0.4 (−0.1 to 0.8) |
| Polyunsaturated fat (% of energy) | 6.1 ± 2.2 | 6.2 ± 2.2 | 0.0 (−0.2 to 0.3) | 0.2 (−0.0 to 0.4) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) | 0.0 (−0.2 to 0.3) |
| Trans fat (g/day) | 0.79 ± 0.54 | 0.74 ± 0.47 | −0.10 (−0.14 to −0.06) ** | −0.08 (−0.13 to −0.04) ** | −0.14 (−0.18 to −0.10) ** | −0.06 (−0.11 to −0.01) * |
| Fiber (g/day) | 27.8 ± 10.9 | 27.9 ± 11.9 | 0.9 (−0.2 to 1.9) | −0.7 (−1.8 to 0.3) | 0.0 (−1.2 to 1.1) | −0.12 (−1.42 to 1.17) |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 465.0 ± 183.2 | 453.1 ± 170.3 | −15.8 (−33.7 to 2.0) | −17.6 (−33.4 to −1.9) * | −48.1 (−67.9 to −28.2) ** | −24.4 (−42.9 to −6.0) ** |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 9.2 ± 13.8 | 9.0 ± 14.2 | 0.4 (−0.6 to 1.4) | −0.1 (−1.0 to 0.7) | 0.4 (−0.6 to 1.5) | −1.1 (−2.2 to 0.1) |
| Ω3 (g/day) | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.1) | 0.0 (−0.0 to 0.1) | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.1) | 0.0 (−0.1 to 0.1) |
| Ω6 (g/day) | 13.3 ± 7.5 | 13.2 ± 8.2 | −0.5 (−1.3 to 0.3) | −0.4 (−1.2 to 0.4) | −1.1 (−2.0 to −0.2) * | −0.7 (−1.6 to 0.2) |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 1172 ± 409 | 1144 ± 421 | −7 (−47 to 34) | −34 (−71 to 2) | −45 (−89 to −1.0) * | −10 (−54 to 33) |
| Folate (µg/day) | 411.8 ± 146.1 | 414.8 ± 175.9 | 15.0 (0 to 30.0) * | −4.8 (−19.8 to 10.1) | 0.3 (−15.5 to 16.2) | 7.2 (−12.9 to 27.3) |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 245.0 ± 124.3 | 244.9 ± 133.3 | 5.9 (−6.9 to 18.8) | 3.3 (−7.5 to 14.0) | 0.9 (−12.6 to 14.3) | 3.2 (−11.0 to 17.3) |
| β-Carotene (µg/day) | 3338 ± 2272 | 3564 ± 2725 | 387 (78 to 696) * | 118 (−161 to 396) | 137 (−134 to 407) | 94 (−185 to 373) |
IG: intervention group; CG: control group; CI: confidence interval; Ω-3: omega 3 fatty acids; Ω-6: omega 6 fatty acids, * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.