Table 2.

Association between vitamin D and acne vulgaris (clinical exam) before and after adjusting for potential confounders.

Vitamin D Status	Model 1 PR [95%CI]	Model 2 PR [95%CI]	Model 3 PR [95%CI]	Model 4 PR [95%CI]
Severe deficiency (n = 247) 25-OH-VitD levels <25.0 nmol/L	1.00 [Reference]	1.00 [Reference]	1.00 [Reference]	1.00 [Reference]
Deficiency (n = 328) 25-OH-VitD levels <50 nmol/L	0.94 [0.82–1.05]	1.02 [0.88–1.14]	1.02 [0.87–1.14]	1.00 [0.85–1.13]
Insufficiency (n = 108) 25-OH-VitD levels 50–75 nmol/L	0.92 [0.75–1.07]	1.07 [0.87–1.22]	1.08 [0.88–1.22]	1.06 [0.84–1.22]
Sufficiency (n = 31) 25-OH-VitD levels ≥75 nmol/L	0.87 [0.59–1.11]	0.99 [0.67–1.22]	1.00 [0.68–1.24]	0.96 [0.62–1.22]
p-value	0.061	0.88	0.86	0.89

PR: Prevalence ratio; CI: confidence intervals; 25-OH-VitD: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: adjusted for socio-demographic factors (age, gender, nationality, governorate, education of the father, education of the mother and total number of siblings); Model 3: adjusted for variables in the Model 2 in addition to taking supplement during the last six months, BMI categories, total time spent on physical activity; Model 4: adjusted for variables in Model 3 in addition to consumption of selected food items.