Figure 1.

Surface characterization of titanium disks with different surface roughness and the flow chart for further osteoclast and osteoblast study. Machined titanium disks were sand-blasted to create different roughness, and smooth glass slides were used as control. (A) Morphology of different rough surfaces was observed by SEM. The roughness of glass and different rough titanium surfaces was determined with a UST. Original magnification for SEM ×500; scale bar is 10 μm in all panels. A significant difference was indicated by a, b, c, d, and e. Groups with different letters mean significant difference, and groups sharing the same letter are not significantly different. (B) Flow chart for osteoclast study on these different rough surfaces and further study on the interaction between osteoclasts and osteoblasts.