Table 1.
Animal and cellular studies.
| Model/Tissue | Method | Main Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leukocytes/brain/liver tissues of rat | High-performance liquid chromatography | • Decreased mC in the brain of haloperidol-treated female rats Increased mC in liver DNA in haloperidol-treated male rats | [66] |
| Frontal cortex from a mouse model receiving l-methionine | Bisulfite conversion + PCR + sequencing | • VPA corrects Reln promoter hypermethylation induced in this SCZ-like model | [68] |
| Brian/liver tissues of rats | MeDIP | • 19 days of treatment with olanzapine increases DMA methylation at several dopaminergic genes | [63] |
| Mouse prefrontal cortex and striatum | MeDIP ChIP followed by qPCR | • VPA, clozapine, sulpiride, VPA + clozapine, and VPA + sulpiride treatment induce DNA demethylation of GAD67 and Reln genes | [67] |
| Human neuroblastoma cell lines SK-N-SH | Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip + bisulfite sequencing | • Quetiapine decreases DNA methylation of the CpG3 island of SLC6A4 | [65] |
| Brian/liver tissues of rats | MeDIP | • Olanzapine alters DNA methylation at several cadherin/procadherin promoter region | [64] |
| Cultured rat hippocampal neurons | Methylation-specific PCR | • 48 h exposition to 1 and 2 mM lithium: 0.6-fold decrease DNA methylation at the promoter IV of BDNF • 2-fold increase of mRNA |
[73] |
| Mouse hippocampal cells | PCR methylation-sensitive restriction site analysis | • 30% decrease of DNA methylation at the distal CpG island of the Cdkn p21 gene | [74] |
| Rat primary astrocytes | luminometric methylation analysis (LUMA) | • Decrease of DNA methylation at the Glt-1 promoter | [75] |
| Mouse embryonic and neural stem cells | Bisulfite sequencing | • 10 and 20 mM of lithium induce a 66% decrease of DNA methylation at the Igf2/H19 differentially methylated domain (DMD) in embryonic stem cells • 5 mM of lithium induce a 33% decrease of DNA methylation at the Igf2/H19 DMD in neural stem cells |
[76] |
| Human neuroblastoma cell lines SK-N-SH | Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip | • Hypermethylation of 345 genes (lithium), 64 genes (VPA), and 64 genes (carbamazepine) • Hypomethylation of 138 genes (lithium), 36 genes (VPA), and 14 genes (carbamazepine) |
[77] |
Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation (MeDIP), Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation (ChIP).