Table 2.
Gastric emptying parameters.
| Control | P280 | M280 | M504 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50% emptying time (T50; min) | 12 ± 3 a | 58 ± 31 b | 23 ± 8 c | 70 ± 29 b |
| 100% emptying time (T100; min) | 82 ± 47 a | 169 ± 17 b | 116 ± 28 c | 176 ± 14 b |
| Gastric retention (AUC) | ||||
| Early phase (0–60 min, % × 60 min−1) | 27 ± 6 a | 67 ± 12 b | 47 ± 10 c | 76 ± 10 b |
| Late phase (60–180 min, % × 120 min−1) | 2 ± 3 a | 25 ± 3 b | 6 ± 3 a | 30 ± 13 b |
| Rate of gastric emptying (kcal/min) 1 | ||||
| Early phase (0–60 min) | 2.7 ± 0.9 a | 3.9 ± 1.4 b | 3.5 ± 2.1 b | |
| Late phase (60–180 min) | 0.7 ± 0.3 a | 1.2 ± 0.7 b | 1.8 ± 0.4 c | |
| Amount emptied (%) | ||||
| Early phase (0–60 min) | 96 ± 4 a | 57 ± 19 b | 77 ± 9 c | 47 ± 16 b |
| Late phase (60–180 min) | 99 ± 2 a | 93 ± 10 b | 99 ± 2 a | 89 ± 10 b |
Mean (± standard error of mean (SD)) 50% and 100% emptying time (min), gastric retention (%), rate of gastric emptying (kcal/min), and amount emptied (area under the curve (AUC), %) during the early (0–60 min) and late phase (60–180 min) of gastric emptying (n = 11 healthy young men) of a control drink (450 mL; ~2 kcal/‘control’) or iso-volumetric drinks containing protein/carbohydrate/fat: (i) 14 g/28 g/12.4 g (280 kcal/‘M280′); (ii) 70 g/28 g/12.4 g (504 kcal/‘M504′); or (iii) 70 g/0 g/0 g (280 kcal/‘P280′). 1 Rate of gastric emptying was calculated as mean of rates of emptying during each 15-min interval, respectively. Main effects of drink-condition were determined by repeated-measures ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni corrections. a,b,c, P < 0.05, post hoc test: Different letter indicates significant difference between drink conditions (e.g., 50% emptying time: P280 (b) slower than M280 (c), which are slower than control (a), not different from M504 (b)).