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. 2018 Oct 12;19(10):3133. doi: 10.3390/ijms19103133

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Simplified scheme and heat map of the expression of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in “Granny Smith” apple skins. (A) Structural gene expression in “Granny Smith” apple skins. Straight-line and dashed-line arrows indicated continuous and discontinuous steps, respectively. (B) Regulatory gene expression in “Granny Smith” apple skins. Arrows with different colors indicated different regulatory genes. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; 4CL, 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; DFR, dihydroflavonol-4-reductase; LDOX, leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase; UFGT, UDP-glucose: flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase; FLS, flavonol synthase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase; ANR, anthocyanidin reductase. Enzyme names, gene IDs, and expression patterns are indicated at the side of each step. The color scale on the right represents the log-transformed Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million (FPKM) value.