. 2018 Oct 4;10(10):1429. doi: 10.3390/nu10101429

Table 3.

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of coffee consumption for tinnitus.

	Univariable Analysis				Multivariable Analysis *
Frequency of Coffee Consumption	Tinnitus		Tinnitus-Related Annoyance		Tinnitus		Tinnitus-Related Annoyance
Frequency of Coffee Consumption	OR (95% CI)	p-Value	OR (95% CI)	p-Value	OR (95% CI)	p-Value	OR (95% CI)	p-Value
Age 19–39
Rarely	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Monthly	0.99 (0.71, 1.39)	0.9688	0.81 (0.42, 1.57)	0.5382	1.09 (0.77, 1.54)	0.6366	0.94 (0.48, 1.84)	0.8541
Weekly	0.99 (0.77, 1.27)	0.9129	0.56 (0.33, 0.95)	0.0298	1.05 (0.81, 1.37)	0.7013	0.58 (0.34, 1.01)	0.0529
Daily	0.77 (0.62, 0.96)	0.0186	0.72 (0.48, 1.07)	0.1043	0.80 (0.63 ,1.00)	0.0548	0.76 (0.50, 1.16)	0.2035
Age 40–64
Rarely	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Monthly	0.89 (0.64, 1.24)	0.4998	0.75 (0.43, 1.31)	0.3159	0.92 (0.65, 1.29)	0.6210	0.75 (0.42, 1.35)	0.3376
Weekly	0.92 (0.72, 1.17)	0.4892	0.96 (0.66, 1.41)	0.8349	0.97 (0.75, 1.25)	0.8249	1.07 (0.72, 1.60)	0.7322
Daily	0.81 (0.67, 0.99)	0.0357	0.76 (0.55, 1.03)	0.0795	0.90 (0.73, 1.10)	0.3066	0.92 (0.66, 1.29)	0.6464
Age ≥ 65
Rarely	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Monthly	0.99 (0.64, 1.52)	0.9463	0.84 (0.48, 1.48)	0.5530	1.02 (0.63, 1.65)	0.9417	0.94 (0.49, 1.78)	0.8446
Weekly	0.72 (0.53, 0.98)	0.0357	0.68 (0.46, 1.01)	0.0582	0.71 (0.51, 1.00)	0.0514	0.74 (0.48, 1.16)	0.1881
Daily	0.82 (0.65, 1.05)	0.1109	0.63 (0.46, 0.85)	0.0026	0.95 (0.72, 1.24)	0.6899	0.77 (0.54, 1.09)	0.1355

* Adjusted for age, sex, education, parents’ education, perceived stress, exposure to indoor secondhand smoke, current smoking, heavy drinking, drinking-related problem, menopause, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, anemia, kidney failure, thyroid disorder, tympanic membrane perforation, cholesteatoma, otitis media with effusion, and hearing loss.